•  itf*»*^;-j(p| 

gw' 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


PRESENTED  BY 

PROF. CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


Copyright   by    Underwood    &    I'ndcrwood,    N.    Y. 

"HE  IS  NOT  ALWAYS  SMILING" 
The  President  in  his  office  at  the  White  House. 


EOOSEVELT 
AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 


Being  an  Account  of  the  Fourteen  Thousand 
Mile  Journey  from  Ocean  to  Ocean  of 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

Twenty-Sixth  President  of  the  United  States. 

Together  with  the  Public  Speeches  Made  by 
Him  During  the  Journey 


By  ADDISON  C.  THOMAS 


THE  L.  W.  WALTER  COMPANY 
CHICAGO 


COPYRIGHT  1910 

BY 
ADDISON  C.  THOMAS 


DEDICATED  TO 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 


Nine  copies  of  this  book  have  been  prepared 
for  private  circulation.  The  first  copy  will  be 
presented  to  the  President,  as  a  memento  of  his 
remarkable  journey. 

This  copy  is  No.  9. 


H  ITE    HOUSE  . 

WAS  H I N  (JTO  N 


Personal 


October  22 ».  1904- 


My  dear  Mr*  Thomas: 

I  thank  you  heartily  for  sending  me  the  first  copy 
of  the  collection  of  ny  speeches  of  the  trip  of  1903* 

With  much  appreciation  of  your  courtesy,  and  with  re 
gard*  I  ara» 

Sincerely  yours* 


Mr*  Add! son  C»  Thomas* 
Chicago' 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 


Preface     1 1 

Author's   Preface    13 

Publisher's   Preface     15 

Washington  to  Chicago   21 

Chicago  to  Milwaukee   56 

Minneapolis  to  Sioux  Falls   107 

Sioux  Falls  to  Fargo   127 

Fargo  to  St.  Louis 145 

St.  Louis  to  San  Francisco  191 

San  Francisco  to  Washington  237 


THE  PREFACE 


In  the  fall  of  1902,  President  Roosevelt  de 
cided  to  make  a  tour  of  the  country,  and,  during 
the  trip,  to  deliver  a  number  of  political 
speeches.  He  started  from  Washington  July  3, 
stopping  at  Oyster  Bay,  his  summer  home,  for  a 
time.  Resuming  his  journey,  he  met  with  an 
accident  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  September  3,  an 
electric  car  running  into  his  carriage  and  throw 
ing  him  to  the  ground.  He  sustained  apparently 
simple  bruises  and  the  trip  was  continued,  but 
at  Indianapolis  it  was  found  that  one  of  his  legs 
was  in  such  a  condition,  due  to  an  injury  inci 
dent  to  the  accident,  that,  by  the  advice  of  the 
attending  physician,  the  President  returned  to 
Washington. 

Subsequently  he  announced  that,  at  the  earli 
est  opportunity,  probably  in  the  following 

11 


PREFACE 


spring,  he  would  carry  out  his  original  plan. 
He  did  so,  and  left  Washington  April  i,  1903. 

His  traversing  the  Republic  from  the  At 
lantic  to  the  Pacific  and  return,  in  indirect  lines, 
visiting  many  states  and  addressing  tens  of  thou 
sands  of  people  upon  the  important  topics  of  the 
day,  suggested  this  compilation  of  the  more  im 
portant  incidents  of  the  journey,  together  with 
the  speeches  of  the  President 


12 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE 


Not  since  the  time  of  Napoleon  has  there  been 
a  man  of  affairs  on  the  world's  stage  who  has  at 
tracted  the  attention  of  all  nations  and  classes  of 
people  as  does  Col.  Theodore  Roosevelt.  He  is 
picturesque,  aggressive,  courageous  and  honest. 
The  stirring  events  of  the  past  few  weeks,  in  his 
triumphal  march  through  Europe  on  his  mission 
of  peace  has  called  renewed  attention  to  these 
same  triumphal  marches  in  the  United  States, 
when  he  went  among  the  people  to  learn  their 
views  and  expound  his  doctrine,  while  President 
of  the  United  States. 

The  most  notable  of  these  journeys  was  in  the 
spring  of  1903,  when  he  went  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific  and  through  the  south  and  south 
west,  being  received  everywhere  by  the  acclaim 
of  the  multitude,  regardless  of  political  affilia- 

13 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE 


tion.  The  journey,  and  the  speeches  which  he 
delivered  make  a  most  interesting  and  thrilling 
chapter  in  the  history  of  our  country. 

No  citizen  of  the  Republic  can  be  well  in 
formed  on  public  affairs  who  is  not  intimately 
acquainted  with  the  events  of  this  historic  trip. 

The  pages  of  this  book  have  been  carefully 
compiled,  so  as  to  cover  in  a  most  striking,  yet 
accurate  manner,  every  event  of  Col.  Roosevelt's 
journey,  and  so  well  has  this  been  done  that  the 
result  has  received  his  personal  indorsement. 

ADDISON  C.  THOMAS. 


14 


PUBLISHER'S  PREFACE 


The  publishers,  in  placing  before  the  people  of 
this  country  and  foreign  lands,  feel  justified  in 
saying  that  they  take  personal  pride  in  this  book. 
They  feel,  that  in  many  respects  it  is  a  remark 
able  production,  as  it  not  only  gives  to  the  present 
generation  the  work  of  an  illustrious  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  but  that  they  are  preserving  for 
the  future  generations  the  thoughts  as  expressed 
in  words  of  a  man  whose  deeds  and  vigorous  work 
make  an  example  worthy  to  be  followed  by  the 
youth  of  this  country  and  the  world  over.  The 
preservation  of  the  records  of  this  man's  travels 
and  his  public  utterances  on  all  the  great  ques 
tions  of  the  day,  national  and  international,  is  an 
opportunity  seldom  had  by  a  publisher,  especially 
as  the  work  has  not  only  received  the  personal 
sanction  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  but 
bears  his  autograph  and  contains  his  letter  of 
thanks  and  appreciation  to  the  author.  It  may 

15 


PUBLISHER'S  PREFACE 

be  truthfully  said  that  one  of  the  striking  features 
of  the  book  was  its  conception  and  the  purpose  of 
the  author  in  the  compilation  of  the  work.  It 
was  the  author's  admiration  for  the  man's  ster 
ling  Americanism  and  the  great  work  that  he  felt 
was  the  President's  policies,  and  the  steadfast 
belief  that  he  was  carving  out  a  destiny  for  him 
self  and  the  people,  that  prompted  the  author  to 
preserve  in  book  form  the  record  of  Roosevelt 
as  he  mingled  with  the  people  from  ocean  to 
ocean  in  the  most  remarkable  journey  ever  made 
by  man.  The  nine  copies  of  the  book  were  made 
for  the  author's  son  and  some  of  his  personal 
friends  and  for  presentation  to  the  President  with 
his  compliments.  Personal  gain  or  financial  con 
siderations  had  no  place  whatever  in  the  concep 
tion  and  completion  of  the  little  de  luxe  edition 
of  nine  copies,  the  sole  inspiration  being  for  the 
entertainment  and  education  and  broadening  out 
of  the  youth  and  the  making  and  preservation  to 
history  of  a  work  to  contain  facts  in  an  absolutely 
truthful  narrative.  And  in  the  publisher's 

16 


PUBLISHER'S  PREFACE 

twenty-five  years  experience  he  has  never  printed 
a  book  that  in  such  a  striking  way  illustrates  the 
promulgation  of  facts  and  a  correct  version  of 
events  that  go  to  make  up  our  National  history. 
The  book  is  for  the  boy,  the  man,  the  historian, 
the  statesman  and  the  politician  (in  the  true 
sense)  the  family,  the  private  and  public  libraries 
and  is  to  be  preserved  and  perpetuated  forever. 
As  presented  it  is  an  exact  reproduction  of  the 
text  of  the  de  luxe  edition  of  nine  copies,  each  one 
being  signed  by  the  President.  The  engravings 
are  made  from  photographs  taken  during  the 
journey  by  an  artist  assigned  by  his  people  to  this 
special  work  and  who  accompanied  the  Presi 
dential  party  on  his  transcontinental  journey 
from  its  beginning  to  its  end.  It  was  the  author's 
aim  not  only  to  present  a  correct  account  of  the 
journey  but  to  portray  by  pictures  as  well,  all  of 
the  events  of  special  interest. 

The  publishers  now  presents  with  pride  the 
book,  "Roosevelt  Among  the  People." 

THE  PUBLISHERS. 

17 


Copyright  by  Underwood  &   Underwood,   N.    Y. 

PRESIDENT  AND  MRS.  ROOSEVELT 
Kermit,  Archie.  Ethel,  Ouentin  and  Theodore,  Jr. 


Copyright     by    rndc-nvuod    &    Underwood,     N.    Y. 

STARTING  ON  HIS  FOURTEEN  THOUSAND  MILE  TRIP 
Surrounded  by  Railroad  Off  icials  at  Horse  hoe  Curve,  Pa. 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 
CHAPTER  I. 

WASHINGTON  TO  CHICAGO. 

President  Roosevelt  left  Washington  at  9  :o$ 
a.  m.,  April  i,  for  a  trip  across  the  continent  and 
return,  14,000  miles.  He  traveled  in  a  special 
train  furnished  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
Company — one  of  the  finest  trains  ever  run  out 
of  Washington.  It  consisted  of  six  cars — the 
private  car  Elysian  for  the  use  of  the  President 
— and  was  especially  decorated  and  equipped 
for  the  trip,  which  occupied  from  April  i  to 
June  5 — nine  weeks  and  three  days. 

The  first  stop  was  made  at  Harrisburg,  Pa., 
where  the  President  was  greeted  by  a  large 
crowd  including  the  members  of  the  Pennsyl 
vania  legislature.  In  a  short  speech  he  referred 
to  the  prosperity  of  the  State  and  the  country, 
saying  it  was  due  more  to  the  individual  skill 

of  labor  and  capital  than  to  any  of  his  efforts.  He 

21 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

left  Washington,  he  said,  with  a  light  heart  over 
the  magnificent  work  performed  by  the  Anthra 
cite  Coal  Strike  Commission,  whose  report 
would  have  great  power  for  good. 

At  Altoona  the  President  left  his  car  and  got 
into  the  engine  cab  and  remained  there,  to  view 
the  scenery  around  the  famous  Horseshoe  Curve, 
until  the  train  stopped  on  the  crest  of  the  moun 
tains. 

Chicago  was  reached  at  8:45  a.  m.,  April  2. 
The  President  was  received  at  the  Union  Depot 
by  Mayor  Harrison  and  a  special  committee. 
The  train  left  almost  immediately  for  Evanston, 
one  of  the  suburbs,  where  the  President  was  met 
by  Mayor  Patten  and  a  committee  and  was  es 
corted  by  a  detachment  of  cavalry  from  Fort 
Sheridan  and  a  military  band  to  the  Northwest 
ern  University,  the  President  passing  through  a 
lane  of  school  children  on  the  streets  and  of 
capped  and  gowned  students  on  the  campus. 

The  welcoming  address  was  made  by  Dr.  Ed 
mund  J.  James,  of  the  University,  who  said 

22 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

President  Roosevelt  was  the  first  President  to 
face  resolutely  and  fully  the  problems  of  a  new 
generation  and  a  new  age.  He  asked  God  to 
grant  him  wisdom  and  strength  to  inaugurate 
this  new  era,,  and,  as  unparalleled  opportun 
ities  had  come  to  him,  so  might  unparalleled 
success  attend  him.  He  thanked  the  President, 
not  only  in  the  name  of  Northwestern,  but  of 
all  other  colleges  and  all  other  universities  for 
the  grand  illustration  which  the  President  had 
given  of  the  fact  that  college  life  and  college 
opportunity,  properly  lived  and  properly  util 
ized,  are  a  most  valuable  element  in  the  prep 
aration  for  the  manifold  activities  of  the  great 
world  outside. 

The  President,  in  addressing  the  students,  re 
ferred  to  the  value  of  college  education.  "The 
better  your  training,"  he  said,  "the  better  work 
you  can  do.  We  have  no  room  for  the  idler — 
the  man  who  wishes  to  live  a  comfortable  life, 
and  if  a  man  has  not  the  right  spirit  in  him,  if 
he  goes  from  this  or  any  other  university  feeling 

23 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

that  that  fact  puts  him  in  a  special  class,  he  will 
fail.  But  if  he  feels  that  he  has  received  special 
advantage  to  succeed  in  this  life,  and  proceed 
vigorously  with  that  special  advantage  in  re 
serve,  he  will  succeed."  He  spoke  of  athletic 
sports,  stamped  his  approval  upon  them,  and 
dwelt  upon  their  value  in  success.  Intellectual 
supremacy,  he  said,  was  good;  physical  prowess 
desirable,  but  better  than  all,  and  without  which 
none  could  succeed,  was  an  upright  character. 

Returning  to  Chicago,  on  arriving  at  the 
Union  station,  carriages  were  taken  to  the  Audi 
torium  Hotel,  the  drive  being  through  streets 
crowded  with  cheering  people. 

After  luncheon  the  President  went  to  the  Uni 
versity  of  Chicago,  being  met  by  Dr.  William  R. 
Harper  and  the  faculty  and  trustees,  attired  in 
cap  and  gown,  and,  at  Kent  theater,  in  the  pres 
ence  of  the  faculty  and  students,  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  upon 
him. 

Dr.  Harper  said: 

24 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

"Universities  in  all  lands  have  judged  it  to 
be  reasonable  and  right  that  those  men  who,  sur 
passing  others  in  native  genius  and  devoted  toil, 
have  carried  great  undertakings  in  letters  and 
science  to  a  successful  issue,  or  in  administration 
of  affairs  have  rendered  memorable  service  to  the 
commonwealth,  should  receive  the  meed  of  hon 
ors  and  distinction  that  they  themselves  may  have 
the  praise  which  is  their  due,  and  the  minds  of 
others  may  be  roused  to  emulate  their  virtues 
and  to  win  like  fame.  Once  before  in  this  same 
room,  we  sat  in  similar  assembly — a  meeting 
long  to  be  remembered.  At  that  time  there  sat 
with  us  as  the  guest  of  honor,  one  who  at  a  time 
of  gravest  crisis,  when  the  weal,  not  only  of  the 
Republic,  but  of  foreign  states,  was  put  in  direst 
peril,  and  the  path  of  wisdom  lay  dark  before 
the  people,  served  each  highest  interest,  and  by 
his  wisdom  and  foresight,  out  of  confusion 
brought  a  happy  ending.  Let  us  at  this  time,  in 
affection  and  gratitude,  call  again  to  mind  that 
simple,  kindly  and  sagacious  man  who,  in  God's 

25 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

providence,  was  cut  off  in  the  midst  of  his  days 
and  in  the  fullness  of  his  power,  William  Mc- 
Kinley." 

Dean  Harry  Prat  Judson  delivered  the  address 
on  behalf  of  the  University,  his  subject  being 
"Leadership  in  a  Democracy."  At  the  close  of 
his  address,  Dean  Judson  formally  presented 
the  President  for  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 

Dr.  Harper,  addressing  the  President,  said: 
"Theodore  Roosevelt,  scholar,  soldier,  states 
man,  chief  magistrate  of  the  Republic :  For  ef 
fective  service  in  the  advancement  of  the  higher 
life  of  the  Nation;  for  intelligence,  integrity  and 
courage  in  the  administration  of  public  affairs; 
for  tireless  devotion  to  the  public  honor  in  the 
settlement  of  grave  questions  of  social  order  and 
the  conservation  of  the  vital  interests  of  sister 
republics ;  and  especially  for  the  dignity,  fidelity 
and  unselfish  devotion  to  the  public  good  with 
which  exalted  duties,  assumed  at  the  summons 
of  an  appalling  calamity,  have  been  successfully 
discharged,  the  Trustees  of  the  University  of 

26 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

Chicago,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Uni 
versity  Senate,  admit  you  to  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Laws  in  this  University." 

The  doetorial  hood  was  hung  about  the  Presi 
dent's  shoulders  by  Recorder  Parker  and  Dr. 
Harper  handed  him  the  diploma,  engrossed  on 
parchment  and  bound  in  gold-tooled  red  mo 
rocco. 

At  the  close  of  this  ceremony  the  President 
assisted  in  laying  the  cornerstone  of  the  Uni 
versity  Law  Building  in  the  presence  of  10,000 
persons. 

In  a  short  address,  he  said: 

"It  is  of  vast  importance  to  us  as  a  nation,  that 
there  should  be  a  foundation  deep  and  broad  of 
material  well-being.  No  nation  can  amount  to 
anything  great  unless  the  individuals  composing 
it  have  so  worked  with  the  head  or  with  the 
hands  for  their  own  benefit,  as  well  as  for  the 
benefit  of  their  fellows,  in  material  ways,  that 
the  sum  of  the  national  prosperity  is*  great.  But 
that  alone  does  not  make  true  greatness  or  any- 

27 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

thing  approaching  true  greatness.  It  is  only  the 
foundation  for  it,  and  it  is  the  existence  of  insti 
tutions  such  as  this  that  stand  as  one  of  the  really 
great  assets  of  which  a  nation  can  speak  when  it 
claims  true  greatness. 

"You  need  honesty,  you  need  courage,  you 
need  common  sense.  You,  the  graduates  of  this 
university,  you,  the  undergraduates,  upon  you 
rests  a  heavy  burden  of  responsibility.  Much 
has  been  given  to  you;  much  will  be  expected 
from  you.  If  you  fail  in  it  you  discredit  your 
selves  ;  you  discredit  the  whole  cause  of  education. 
And  you  can  succeed  and  will  succeed  if  you 
work  in  the  spirit  of  the  words  and  the  deeds  of 
Dr.  Harper  and  of  those  men,  whom  I  have 
known  so  well,  who  are  in  your  f  aculity  today." 

At  7  o'clock  in  the  evening  the  President  was 
entertained  at  dinner  at  the  Auditorium  Hotel 
by  one  hundred  and  ten  representative  Chi- 
cagoans.  There  was  but  one  toast  drunk  and 
but  one  speech  made.  Mr.  Frank  O.  Lowden, 
the  presiding  officer,  said: 

28 


Copyright    by    T'ndcnvnod    &    I'lidoi-wond,     \.    Y. 

HE  MEANS  WHAT  HE  SAYS! 

"Intellectual  supremacy  is  good,  physical  prowess  desirable,  but,  better  than  all, 

and  without  which  none  can  succeed,  is  an  upright 

character. " — Evanston,  Illinois. 


O     oa 

X    £ 

O     rt 


g 


O     £ 
O    0- 


>     o 


H    .c 

$  I 

> 


- 


From   Stereograph,   copyright   by  Underwood   &  Underwood,    X.    Y. 

IN  WISCONSIN 

"Don't  boast.    Don't  insult  anyone.     Let  us  make  up  our  minds  cooly  what  is 

necessary  for  us  to  say,  say  it,  and  then  stand  to  it,  whatever 

the  consequences  may  be." 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

"Chicago  always  is  proud  of  our  President. 
Especially  is  Chicago  proud  of  President  Roose 
velt.  Gentlemen,  I  ask  you  to  stand  and  drink 
to  the  health  of  Theodore  Roosevelt,  President 
of  the  United  States." 

After  the  banquet,  the  President  was  escorted 
to  the  Auditorium,  which  was  packed  with  peo 
ple,  an  immense  number  of  persons  being  un 
able  to  get  inside  for  want  of  tickets. 

Introduced  by  the  Chairman,  Mr.  Franklin 
MacVeagh,  Mayor  Carter  H.  Harrison  wel 
comed  the  President  to  the  city  "with  a  welcome 
which  comes  from  every  citizen,  regardless  of 
party,  race  or  class — a  hearty  Western  welcome 
of  the  sort  you  love." 

The  President  was  greeted  with  cheer  after 
cheer.  He  bowed  again  and  again,  and,  when 
order  finally  was  restored,  spoke  as  follows,  his 
subject  being  The  Monroe  Doctrine: 


33 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

ADDRESS   OF   PRESIDENT  ROOSEVELT  AT  CHICAGO, 
ILLINOIS,  APRIL  2,    1903— THE 

MONROE   DOCTRINE. 
Mr.  Chairman,  Ladles  and  Gentlemen: 

To-day  I  wish  to  speak  to  you,  not  merely 
about  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  but  about  our  en 
tire  position  in  the  Western  Hemisphere — a  po 
sition  so  peculiar  and  predominant  that  out  of  it 
has  grown  the  acceptance  of  the  Monroe  Doc 
trine  as  a  cardinal  feature  of  our  foreign  policy; 
and  in  particular  I  wish  to  point  out  what  has 
been  done  during  the  lifetime  of  the  last  Con 
gress  to  make  good  our  position  in  accordance 
with  this  historic  policy. 

Ever  since  the  time  when  we  definitely  ex 
tended  our  boundaries  westward  to  the  Pacific 
and  southward  to  the  Gulf,  since  the  time  when 
the  old  Spanish  and  Portuguese  colonies  to  the 
south  of  us  asserted  their  independence,  our  Na 
tion  has  insisted  that  because  of  its  primacy  in 
strength  among  the  nations  of  the  Western  Hem 
isphere  it  has  certain  duties  and  responsibilities 

34 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

which  oblige  it  to  take  a  leading  part  thereon. 
We  hold  that  our  interests  in  this  hemisphere  are 
greater  than  those  of  any  European  power  pos 
sibly  can  be,  and  that  our  duty  to  ourselves  and 
to  the  weaker  republics  who  are  our  neighbors 
requires  us  to  see  that  none  of  the  great  military 
powers  far  across  the  seas  shall  encroach  upon  the 
territory  of  the  American  republics  or  acquire 
control  thereover. 

This  policy,  therefore,  not  only  forbids  us  to 
acquiesce  in  such  territorial  acquisition,  but  also 
causes  us  to  object  to  the  acquirement  of  a  control 
which  would  in  its  effect  be  equal  to  territorial 
aggrandizement.  This  is  why  the  United  States 
has  steadily  believed  that  the  construction  of  the 
great  Isthmian  canal,  the  building  of  which  is  to 
stand  as  the  greatest  material  feat  of  the  twentieth 
century — greater  than  any  similar  feat  in  any 
preceding  century — should  be  done  by  no  for 
eign  nation  but  by  ourselves.  The  canal  must  of 
necessity  go  through  the  territory  of  one  of  our 
smaller  sister  republics.  We  have  been  scrupu- 

35 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

lously  careful  to  abstain  from  perpetrating  any 
wrong  upon  any  of  these  republics  in  this  matter. 
We  do  not  wish  to  interfere  with  their  rights  in 
the  least;  but,  while  carefully  safeguarding  them, 
to  build  the  canal  ourselves  under  provisions 
which  will  enable  us,  if  necessary,  to  police  and 
protect  it  and  to  guarantee  its  neutrality,  we 
being  the  sole  guarantor.  Our  intention  was 
steadfast;  we  desired  action  taken  so  that  the 
canal  could  always  be  used  by  us  in  time  of  peace 
and  war  alike,  and  in  time  of  war  could  never  be 
used  to  our  detriment  by  any  nation  which  was 
hostile  to  us.  Such  action,  by  the  circumstances 
surrounding  it,  was  necessarily  for  the  benefit  and 
not  the  detriment  of  the  adjacent  American  re 
publics. 

After  considerably  more  than  half  of  a  century 
these  objects  have  been  exactly  fulfilled  by  the 
legislation  and  treaties  of  the  last  two  years.  Two 
years  ago  we  were  no  further  advanced  toward 
the  construction  of  the  Isthmian  canal  on  our 
terms  than  we  had  been  during  the  preceding 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

eighty  years.  By  the  Hay-Pauncefote  treaty,  rat 
ified  in  December,  1901,  an  old  treaty  with  Great 
Britain,  which  has  been  held  to  stand  in  the  way, 
was  abrogated  and  it  was  agreed  that  the  canal 
should  be  constructed  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  and  that  this 
Government  should  have  the  exclusive  right  to 
regulate  and  manage  it,  becoming  the  sole  guar 
antor  of  its  neutrality. 

It  was  expressly  stipulated,  furthermore,  that 
this  guaranty  of  neutrality  should  not  prevent  the 
United  States  from  taking  any  measures  which 
it  found  necessary  in  order  to  secure  by  its  own 
forces  the  defense  of  the  United  States  and  the 
maintenance  of  public  order.  Immediately  fol 
lowing  this  treaty  Congress  passed  a  law  under 
which  the  President  was  authorized  to  endeavor 
to  secure  a  treaty  for  acquiring  the  right  to  finish 
the  construction  of,  and  to  operate,  the  Panama 
Canal,  which  had  already  been  begun  in  the  ter 
ritory  of  Colombia  by  a  French  company.  The 
rights  of  this  company  were  accordingly  obtained 

37 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

and  a  treaty  negotiated  with  the  Republic  of  Co 
lombia.  This  treaty  has  just  been  ratified  by  the 
Senate.  It  reserves  all  of  Colombia's  rights, 
while  guaranteeing  all  of  our  own  and  those  of 
neutral  nations,  and  specifically  permits  us  to 
take  any  and  all  measures  for  the  defense  of  the 
canal,  and  for  the  preservation  of  our  interests, 
whenever  in  our  judgment  an  exigency  may  arise 
which  calls  for  action  on  our  part.  In  other 
words,  these  two  treaties,  and  the  legislation  to 
carry  them  out,  have  resulted  in  our  obtaining  on 
exactly  the  terms  we  desired  the  rights  and  priv 
ileges  which  we  had  so  long  sought  in  vain. 
These  treaties  are  among  the  most  important  that 
we  have  ever  negotiated  in  their  effects  upon  the 
future  welfare  of  this  country,  and  mark  a  mem 
orable  triumph  of  American  diplomacy — one  of 
those  fortunate  triumphs,  moreover,  which  re 
dounds  to  the  benefit  of  the  entire  world. 

About  the  same  time  trouble  arose  in  connec 
tion  with  the  Republic  of  Venezuela  because  of 
certain  wrongs  alleged  to  have  been  committed, 

38 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

and  debts  overdue,  by  this  Republic  to  citizens  of 
foreign  powers,  notably  England,  Germany,  and 
Italy.  After  failure  to  reach  an  agreement  these 
powers  began  a  blockade  of  the  Venezuelan 
coast  and  a  condition  of  quasi-war  ensued.  The 
concern  of  our  Government  was  of  course  not  to 
interfere  needlessly  in  any  quarrel  so  far  as  it  did 
not  touch  our  interests  or  our  honor,  and  not  to 
take  the  attitude  of  protecting  from  coercion  any 
power  unless  we  were  willing  to  espouse  the 
quarrel  of  that  power,  but  to  keep  an  attitude  of 
watchful  vigilance  and  see  that  there  was  no  in 
fringement  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine — no  ac 
quirement  of  territorial  rights  by  a  European 
power  at  the  expense  of  a  weak  sister  republic — 
whether  this  acquisition  might  take  the  shape  of 
an  outright  and  avowed  seizure  of  territory  or  of 
the  exercise  of  control  which  would  in  effect  be 
equivalent  to  such  seizure.  This  attitude  was  ex 
pressed  in  the  two  following  published  memo 
randa,  the  first  being  the  letter  addressed  by  the 
Secretary  of  State  to  the  German  Ambassador, 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

the  second  the  conversation  with  the  Secretary 
of  State  reported  by  the  British  Ambassador: 
'"DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE, 

"Washington,  December  id,  IQOI. 
"His  Excellency 

DR.  VON  HOLLENBEN,  etc. : 
"Dear  Excellency :    I  inclose  a  memorandum 
by  way  of  reply  to  that  which  you  did  me  the 
honor  to  leave  with  me  on  Saturday,  and  am,  as 


ever, 


"Faithfully  yours, 

"JOHN  HAY. 

"Memorandum : 

"The  President  in  his  message  of  the  3d  of  De 
cember,  1901,  used  the  following  language: 

"  The  Monroe  Doctrine  is  a  declaration  that 
there  must  be  no  territorial  aggrandizement  by 
any  non- American  power  at  the  expense  of  any 
American  power  on  American  soil.  It  is  in  no 
wise  intended  as  hostile  to  any  nation  in  the  Old 
World.' 

"The  President  further  said : 

40 


From  Stereograph,  copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

THE  NATION'S  CHIEF  AT  ST.  PAUL 

'tet  children  learn  from  experience  to  be  strong  and  manly,"  said 
President  Roosevelt  in  his  St.  Paul  speech. 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

"  This  doctrine  has  nothing  to  do  with  the 
commercial  relations  of  any  American  power, 
save  that  it  in  truth  allows  each  of  them  to  form 
such  as  it  desires.  *  *  *  We  do  not  guar 
antee  any  state  against  punishment  if  it  miscon 
ducts  itself,  provided  that  punishment  does  not 
take  the  form  of  the  acquisition  of  territory  by 
any  non-American  power.' 

"His  Excellency  the  German  Ambassador,  on 
his  recent  return  from  Berlin,  conveyed  person 
ally  to  the  President  the  assurance  of  the  Ger 
man  Emperor  that  His  Majesty's  Government 
had  no  purpose  or  intention  to  make  even  the 
smallest  acquisition  of  territory  on  the  South 
American  continent  or  the  islands  adjacent. 
This  voluntary  and  friendly  declaration  was 
afterwards  repeated  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  and 
was  received  by  the  President  and  the  people  of 
the  United  States  in  the  frank  and  cordial  spirit 
in  which  is  was  offered.  In  the  memorandum  of 
the  nth  of  December,  His  Excellency  the  Ger 
man  Ambassador  repeats  these  assurances  as  fol- 

43 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

lows :  'We  declare  especially  that  under  no  cir 
cumstances  do  we  consider  in  our  proceedings 
the  acquisition  or  the  permanent  occupation  of 
Venezuelan  territory.' 

"In  the  said  memorandum  of  the  nth  of  De 
cember,  the  German  Government  informs  that 
of  the  United  States  that  it  has  certain  just  claims 
for  money  and  for  damages  wrongfully  withheld 
from  German  subjects  by  the  Government  of 
Venezeula,  and  that  it  proposes  to  take  certain 
coercive  measures  described  in  the  memorandum 
to  enforce  the  payment  of  these  just  claims. 

"The  President  of  the  United  States,  appre 
ciating  the  courtesy  of  the  German  Government 
in  making  him  acquainted  with  the  state  of  af 
fairs  referred  to,  and  not  regarding  himself  as 
called  upon  to  enter  into  the  consideration  of  the 
claims  in  question,  believes  that  no  measures 
will  be  taken  in  this  matter  by  the  agents  of  the 
German  Government  which  are  not  in  accord 
ance  with  the  well-known  purpose,  above  set 
forth,  of  His  Majesty  the  German  Emperor." 

44 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

Sir  Michael  Herbert  to  the  Marquis 
of  Lansdowne. 

"WASHINGTON,  November  13,  IQO2. 

"I  communicated  to  Mr.  Hay  this  morning 
the  substance  of  Your  Lordship's  telegram  of  the 
nth  instant. 

"His  Excellency  stated  in  reply,  that  the 
United  States  Government,  although  they  re 
gretted  that  European  powers  should  use  force 
against  Central  and  South  American  countries, 
could  not  object  to  their  taking  steps  to  obtain 
redress  for  injuries  suffered  by  their  subjects, 
provided  that  no  acquisition  of  territory  was 
contemplated." 

Both  powers  assured  us  in  explicit  terms  that 
there  was  not  the  slightest  intention  on  their  part 
to  violate  the  principles  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine, 
and  this  assurance  was  kept  with  an  honorable 
good  faith  which  merits  full  acknowledgment  on 
our  part.  At  the  same  time,  the  existence  of  hos 
tilities  in  a  region  so  near  our  own  borders  was 
fraught  with  such  possibilities  of  danger  in  the 

45 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

future  that  it  was  obviously  no  less  our  duty  to 
ourselves  than  our  duty  to  humanity  to  endeavor 
to  put  an  end  to  that.  Accordingly,  by  an  offer 
of  our  good  services  in  a  spirit  of  frank  friendli 
ness  to  all  the  parties  concerned,  a  spirit  in  which 
they  quickly  and  cordially  responded,  we  secured 
a  resumption  of  peace — the  contending  parties 
agreeing  that  the  matters  which  they  could  not 
settle  among  themselves  should  be  referred  to 
The  Hague  Tribunal  for  settlement.  The 
United  States  had  most  fortunately  already  been 
able  to  set  an  example  to  other  nations  by  util 
izing  the  great  possibilities  for  good  contained  in 
The  Hague  Tribunal,  a  question  at  issue  between 
ourselves  and  the  Republic  of  Mexico  being  the 
first  submitted  to  this  international  court  of  ar 
bitration. 

The  terms  which  we  have  secured  as  those  un 
der  which  the  Isthmian  canal  is  to  be  built,  and 
the  course  of  events  in  the  Venezuelan  matter, 
have  shown  not  merely  the  ever  growing  influ 
ence  of  the  United  States  in  the  Western  Hemis- 

46 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

phere,  but  also,  I  think  I  may  safely  say,  have 
exemplified  the  firm  purpose  of  the  United 
States  that  its  growth  and  influence  and  power 
shall  redound  not  to  the  harm  but  to  the  benefit 
of  our  sister  republics  whose  strength  is  less.  Our 
growth,  therefore,  is  beneficial  to  human  kind  in 
general.  We  do  not  intend  to  assume  any  posi 
tion  which  can  give  just  offense  to  our  neighbors. 
Our  adherence  to  the  rule  of  human  right  is  not 
merely  profession.  The  history  of  our  dealings 
with  Cuba  shows  that  we  reduce  it  to  perform 
ance. 

The  Monroe  Doctrine  is  not  international  law, 
and  though  I  think  one  day  it  may  become  such, 
this  is  not  necessary  as  long  as  it  remains  a  car 
dinal  feature  of  our  foreign  policy  and  as  long  as 
we  possess  both  the  will  and  the  strength  to  make 
it  effective.  This  last  point,  my  fellow-citizens, 
is  all  {important,  and  is  one  which  as  a  people  we 
can  never  afford  to  forget.  I  believe  in  the  Mon 
roe  Doctrine  with  all  my  heart  and  soul;  I  am 
convinced  that  the  immense  majority  of  our  fel- 

47 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

low-countrymen  so  believe  in  it;  but  I  would  in 
finitely  prefer  to  see  us  abandon  it  than  to  see  us 
put  forward  and  bluster  about  it,  and  yet  fail  to 
build  up  the  efficient  fighting  strength  which  in 
the  last  resort  can  alone  make  it  respected  by  any 
strong  foreign  power  whose  interest  it  may  ever 
happen  to  be  to  violate  it. 

Boasting  and  blustering  are  as  objectionable 
among  nations  as  among  individuals,  and  the 
public  men  of  a  great  nation  owe  it  to  their  sense 
of  national  self-respect  to  speak  courteously  of 
foreign  powers,  just  as  a  brave  and  self-respect 
ing  man  treats  all  around  him  courteously.  But 
though  to  boast  is  bad,  and  causelessly  to  insult 
another,  worse;  yet  worse  than  all  is  it  to  be 
guilty  of  boasting,  even  without  insult,  and  when 
called  to  the  proof  to  be  unable  to  make  such 
boasting  good.  There  is  a  homely  old  adage 
which  runs :  "Speak  softly  and  carry  a  big  stick ; 
you  will  go  far."  If  the  American  Nation  will 
speak  softly,  and  yet  build,  and  keep  at  a  pitch  of 
the  highest  training,  a  thoroughly  efficient  Navy, 

48 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

the  Monroe  Doctrine  will  go  far.  I  ask  you  to 
think  over  this.  If  you  do,  you  will  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  it  is  mere  plain  common  sense,  so 
obviously  sound  that  only  the  blind  can  fail  to 
see  its  truth  and  only  the  weakest  and  most  irres 
olute  can  fail  to  desire  to  put  it  into  force. 

Well,  in  the  last  two  years  I  am  happy  to  say 
we  have  taken  long  strides  in  advance  as  regards 
our  Navy.  The  last  Congress,  in  addition  to 
smaller  vessels,  provided  nine  of  those  formid 
able  fighting  ships  upon  which  the  real  efficiency 
of  any  Navy  in  war  ultimately  depends.  It  pro 
vided,  moreover,  for  the  necessary  addition  of 
officers  and  enlisted  men  to  make  the  ships  worth 
having.  Meanwhile  the  Navy  Department  has 
seen  to  it  that  our  ships  have  been  constantly  ex 
ercised  at  sea,  with  the  great  guns,  and  in  maneu 
vers,  so  that  their  efficiency  as  fighting  units, 
both  individually  and  when  acting  together,  has 
been  steadily  improved.  Remember  that  all  of 
this  is  necessary.  A  war  ship  is  a  huge  bit  of 
mechanism,  well-nigh  as  delicate  and  compli- 

49 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

cated  as  it  is  formidable.  It  takes  years  to  build 
it.  It  takes  years  to  teach  the  officers  and  men 
how  to  handle  it  to  good  advantage.  It  is  an  ab 
solute  impossibility  to  improvise  a  navy  at  the 
outset  of  war.  No  recent  war  between  any  two 
nations  has  lasted  as  long  as  it  takes  to  build  a 
battleship;  and  it  is  just  as  impossible  to.  impro 
vise  the  officers  or  the  crews  as  to  improvise  the 
navy. 

To  lay  up  a  battleship  and  only  send  it  afloat 
at  the  outset,  of  a  war,  with  a  raw  crew  and  un 
tried  officers,  would  be  not  merely  a  folly  but  a 
crime,  for  it  would  invite  both  disaster  and  dis 
grace.  The  Navy  which  so  quickly  decided  in 
our  favor  the  war  of  1898  had  been  built  and 
made  efficient  during  the  preceding  fifteen  years. 
The  ships  that  triumphed  off  Manila  and  San 
tiago  had  been  built  under  previous  Administra 
tions  with  money  appropriated  by  previous  Con 
gresses.  The  officers  and  the  men  did  their  duty 
so  well  because  they  had  already  been  trained  to 
do  it  by  long  sea  service.  All  honor  to  the  gal- 

50 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

THE  SMILE  THAT  MADE  HIM  FAMOUS 
President  Roosevelt  entering  Yellowstone  Park. 


From  Stereograph,  copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

AT  YELLOWSTONE  PARK 

The  above  snapshot  of  President  Roosevelt  and  Major  Pitcher  shows  the  two 
entering  America's  Wonder  Land  at  Mammoth  Hot  Springs. 


From  Stereograph,  copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

AT  FORT  YELLOWSTONE 

The  above  picture  shows  President  Roosevelt  accompanied  by  John  Burroughs, 

the  noted  naturalist,  and  a  party  of  friends,  setting  out  for  a 

trip  through  Yellowstone  Park. 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

AT  LINCOLN,  NEBRASKA 

'Capitalist  and  wage-worker  alike,  should  honestly  endeavor  each  to  look  at  any 
matter  from  the  other's  standpoint. 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

lant  officers  and  gallant  men  who  actually  did  the 
fighting;  but  remember,  too,  to  honor  the  public 
men,  the  shipwrights,  and  steel  workers,  the  own 
ers  of  the  shipyards  and  armor  plants,  to  whose 
united  foresight  and  exertion  we  owe  it  that  in 
1898  we  had  craft  so  good,  guns  so  excellent,  and 
American  seamen  of  so  high  a  type  in  the  con 
ning  towers,  in  the  gun  turrets,  and  in  the  en 
gine  rooms.  It  is  too  late  to  prepare  for  war 
when  war  has  come ;  and  if  we  only  prepare  suf 
ficiently  no  war  will  ever  come.  We  wish  a  pow 
erful  and  efficient  Navy,  not  for  purposes  of  war, 
but  as  the  surest  guaranty  of  peace.  If  we  have 
such  a  Navy — if  we  keep  on  building  it  up — we 
may  rest  assured  that  there  is  but  the  smallest 
chance  that  trouble  will  ever  come  to  this  Na 
tion;  and  we  may  likewise  rest  assured  that  no 
foreign  power  will  ever  quarrel  with  us  about 
the  Monroe  Doctrine. 


55 


CHAPTER  II. 

CHICAGO  TO  MILWAUKEE. 

The  President's  train  left  Chicago  at  mid 
night,  April  3,  via  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railway  for  Madison,  Wis.,  where  he  was  met 
by  a  party  of  state,  legislative  and  city  officials, 
headed  by  Governor  La  Follette  and  Mayor 
Groves,  and  escorted  to  the  capitol  by  the  Uni 
versity  Regiment,  Company  G  of  the  First  Reg 
iment,  W.  N.  G.,  and  a  mounted  guard. 

In  a  brief  speech  the  President  said,  referring 
to  the  fact  that  the  State  University  is  located  at 
Madison,  he  liked  athletic  working  colleges,  but 
that  athletics  must  not  interfere  with  the  devel 
opment  of  the  mental  faculties.  It  is  a  good 
thing,  he  said,  to  be  a  good  half-back,  but  it  is  a 
mighty  bad  thing,  if,  at  forty,  all  you  can  say  of 
a  man  is  that  he  was  a  good  half-back.  He  spoke 
of  the  qualities  necessary  to  good  citizenship, 
saying  that  we  need  now  the  same  qualities  to 

56 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

work  out  our  salvation  in  peace  as  were  needed 
to  work  out  our  salvation  through  war. 

In  order  that  the  immense  crowd  of  people  in 
the  capitol  grounds  might  see  the  President,  he 
was  introduced  from  a  stand  erected  at  the  en 
trance.  He  said: 

"There  will  be  ups  and  downs  in  prosperity, 
but  in  the  long  run  the  tide  will  go  on  if  we  but 
prove  true  to  ourselves  and  to  the  belief  of  our 
forefathers.  To  win  we  must  be  able  to  combine 
in  a  proper  degree  the  spirit  of  individualism  and 
the  spirit  of  cooperation.  Each  man  must  work 
for  himself.  If  he  cannot  support  himself  he 
will  be  a  drag  on  all  mankind;  but  each  man 
must  work  for  the  common  good.  There  is  not 
a  man  here  who  does  not  at  times  need  to  have  a 
helping  hand  extended  to  him,  and  shame  on  the 
brother  who  will  not  extend  the  helping  hand." 

A  short  reception  was  then  held  by  the  Presi 
dent  for  members  of  the  legislature  and  state  of 
ficers,  many  of  whom  were  accompanied  by  their 
wives. 

57 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

The  train  reached  Waukesha,  Wis.,  at  12:50 
p.  m.,  and  stopped  for  half  an  hour.  A  great 
throng  was  assembled  at  the  depot  and  cheered 
the  President  when  he  was  introduced  by  Mayor 
Harding. 

The  President  said : 

"I  believe  we  are  face  to  face  with  great  world 
problems,  and  that  we  cannot  help  playing  the 
part  of  a  great  world  power.  All  we  can  decide 
is  whether  we  can  play  it  well  or  ill.  I  do  not 
want  to  see  us  shrinking  in  the  least  bit  from  our 
duty.  We  have  got  to  hold  our  own. 

"I  do  not  believe  the  United  States  should 
ever  suffer  wrong.  I  would  be  the  first  that 
would  resent  a  wrong  from  the  start,  just  as  I 
should  be  the  first  to  insist  that  we  do  not  wrong 
the  weak.  I  believe  in  the  Monroe  Doctrine, 
and,  as  long  as  I  am  President,  it  shall  be  lived  up 
to.  I  do  not  intend  to  make  that  an  excuse  or 
fortification  for  being  unpleasant  to  other  pow 
ers.  We  want  the  friendship  of  mankind.  We 
want  peace.  We  wish  well  to  the  nations  of  man- 

58 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

kind.  Don't  boast.  Don't  insult  anyone.  Let  us 
make  up  our  minds  coolly  what  is  necessary  for 
us  to  say,  say  it,  and  then  stand  to  it,  whatever  the 
consequences  may  be." 

At  Milwaukee  the  President  was  received  by 
a  committee  headed  by  Mayor  David  S.  Rose 
and  driven  to  the  National  Soldiers'  Home,  hav 
ing  as  an  escort  Troop  A.,  of  the  Wisconsin  Na 
tional  Guards.  He  reviewed  the  veterans  and 
addressed  them.  Returning  to  the  city,  the  pro 
cession  of  carriages  stopped  at  the  Exposition 
Building,  where  the  President  was  formally  wel 
comed  on  behalf  of  the  City  by  Mayor  Rose. 
The  President  said : 

"Woe  will  beset  this  country  if  we  draw  lines 
of  distinction  between  class  and  class  or  creed 
and  creed,  or  along  any  lines  save  that  which 
divides  good  citizenship  from  bad  citizenship." 

Visits  were  made  to  the  Deutscher  Club  and 
the  Press  Club.  In  the  evening  the  President 
was  the  guest  of  the  Milwaukee  Merchants  and 
Manufacturers'  Association  at  a  banquet  at  the 

59 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

Plankinton  House.    Covers  were  laid  for  530. 

Introduced  by  the  toastmaster,  Mr.  E.  A. 
Wadhams,  the  President  spoke  on  The  Trusts,  as 
follows : 

ADDRESS    OF    PRESIDENT    ROOSEVELT    AT    MIL 
WAUKEE,  WIS.,  APRIL  3,  1903 — THE  TRUSTS. 
Mr.  Toastmaster,  Gentlemen: 

To-day  I  wish  to  speak  to  you  on  the  question 
of  the  control  and  regulation  of  those  great  cor 
porations  which  are  popularly,  although  rather 
vaguely,  known  as  trusts;  dealing  mostly  with 
what  has  actually  been  accomplished  in  the  way 
of  legislation  and  in  the  way  of  enforcement  of 
legislation  during  the  past  eighteen  months,  the 
period  covering  the  two  sessions  of  the  Fifty- 
seventh  Congress.  At  the  outset  I  shall  ask  you 
to  remember  that  I  do  not  approach  the  subject 
either  from  the  standpoint  of  those  who  speak 
of  themselves  as  anti-trust  or  anti-corporation 
people,  nor  yet  from  the  standpoint  of  those  who 
are  fond  of  denying  the  existence  of  evils  in  the 
trusts,  or  who  apparently  proceed  upon  the  as- 

60 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

sumption  that  if  a  corporation  is  large  enough  it 
can  do  no  wrong. 

I  think  I  speak  for  the  great  majority  of  the 
American  people  when  I  say  that  we  are  not  in 
the  least  against  wealth  as  such,  whether  individ 
ual  or  corporate ;  that  we  merely  desire  to  see  any 
abuse  of  corporate  or  combined  wealth  corrected 
and  remedied;  that  we  do  not  desire  the  abolition 
or  destruction  of  big  corporations,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  recognize  them  as  being  in  many  cases 
efficient  economic  instruments,  the  results  of  an 
inevitable  process  of  economic  evolution,  and 
only  desire  to  see  them  regulated  and  controlled 
so  far  as  may  be  necessary  to  subserve  the  public 
good.  We  should  be  false  to  the  historic  prin 
ciples  of  our  Government  if  we  discriminated, 
either  by  legislation  or  administration,  either  for 
or  against  a  man  because  of  either  his  wealth  or 
his  poverty.  There  is  no  proper  place  in  our  so 
ciety  either  for  the  rich  man  who  uses  the 
power  conferred  by  his  riches  to  enable  him 
to  oppress  and  wrong  his  neighbors,  nor  yet  for 

61 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

the  demagogic  agitator  who,  instead  of  attacking 
abuses  as  all  abuses  should  be  attacked  where- 
ever  found,  attacks  property,  attacks  prosperity, 
attacks  men  of  wealth,  as  such,  whether  they  be 
good  or  bad,  attacks  corporations  whether  they 
do  well  or  ill,  and  seeks,  in  a  spirit  of  ignorant 
rancor,  to  overthrow  the  very  foundations  upon 
which  rests  our  national  well-being. 

In  consequence  of  the  extraordinary  industrial 
changes  of  the  last  half  century,  and  notably  of 
the  last  two  or  three  decades,  changes  due  main 
ly  to  the  rapidity  and  complexity  of  our  indus 
trial  growth,  we  are  confronted  with  problems 
which,  in  their  present  shape,  were  unknown  to 
our  forefathers.  Our  great  prosperity,  with  its 
accompanying  concentration  of  population  and 
of  wealth,  its  extreme  specialization  of  faculties, 
and  its  development  of  giant  industrial  leaders, 
has  brought  much  good  and  some  evil,  and  it  is 
as  foolish  to  ignore  the  good  as  wilfully  to  blind 
ourselves  to  the  evil. 

The  evil  has  been  partly  the  inevitable  accom- 

62 


From  Stereograph,  copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

"SHOULD  AULD  ACQUAINTANCE  BE  FORGOT" 

When  President  Roosevelt  arrived  at  the  little  town  of  Medora,  North  Dakota, 

where  he  owned  a  ranch  in  1886,  he  was  given  a 

truly  Western  reception. 


Copyright    by    I'mlerw 1    &    rndcrwoocl,     N.    Y. 

AT  FORT  YELLOWSTONE 
Ready  to  start  on  a  two  weeks'  trip  through  Yellowstone  Park. 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

paniment  of  the  social  changes,  and  where  this  is 
the  case,  it  can  be  cured  neither  by  law  nor  by  the 
administration  of  the  law,  the  only  remedy  lying 
in  the  slow  change  of  character  and  of  economic 
environment.  But  for  a  portion  of  the  evil,  at 
least,  we  think  that  remedies  can  be  found.  We 
know  well  the  danger  of  false  remedies,  and  we 
are  against  all  violent,  radical,  and  unwise 
change.  But  we  believe  that  by  proceeding 
slowly,  yet  resolutely,  with  good  sense  and  mod 
eration,  and  also  with  a  firm  determination  not 
to  be  swerved  from  our  course  either  by  foolish 
clamor  or  by  any  base  or  sinister  influence,  we 
can  accomplish  much  for  the  betterment  of  con 
ditions. 

Nearly  two  years  ago,  speaking  at  the  State 
Fair  in  Minnesota,  I  said: 

"It  is  probably  true  that  the  large  majority  of 
the  fortunes  that  now  exist  in  this  country  have 
been  amassed,  not  by  injuring  our  people,  but  as 
an  incident  to  the  conferring  of  great  benefits 
upon  the  community,  and  this,  no  matter  what 

65 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

may  have  been  the  conscious  purpose  of  those 
amassing  them.  There  is  but  the  scantiest  jus 
tification  for  most  of  the  outcry  against  the  men 
of  wealth  as  such;  and  it  ought  to  be  unnecessary 
to  state  that  any  appeal  which  directly  or  indi 
rectly  leads  to  suspicion  and  hatred  among  our 
selves,  which  tends  to  limit  opportunity,  and 
therefore  to  shut  the  door  of  success  against  poor 
men  of  talent,  and,  finally,  which  entails  the  pos 
sibility  of  lawlessness  and  violence,  is  an  attack 
upon  the  fundamental  properties  of  American 
citizenship.  Our  interests  are  at  bottom  com 
mon  ;  in  the  long  run  we  go  up  or  go  down  to 
gether.  Yet  more  and  more  it  is  evident  that  the 
State,  and  if  necessary  the  Nation,  has  got  to  pos 
sess  the  right  of  supervision  and  control  as  re 
gards  the  great  corporations  which  are  its  crea 
tures;  particularly  as  regards  the  great  business 
combinations  which  derive  a  portion  of  their  im 
portance  from  the  existence  of  some  monopolis 
tic  tendency.  The  right  should  be  exercised  with 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

caution  and  self-restraint;  but  it  should  exist,  so 
that  it  may  be  invoked  if  the  need  arises." 
Last  fall  in  speaking  at  Cincinnati  I  said: 
"The  necessary  supervision  and  control,  in 
which  I  firmly  believe  as  the  only  method  of 
eliminating  the  real  evils  of  the  trusts,  must  come 
through  wisely  and  cautiously  framed  legisla 
tion,  which  shall  aim  in  the  first  place  to  give 
definite  control  to  some  sovereign  over  the  great 
corporations,  and  which  shall  be  followed,  when 
once  this  power  has  been  conferred,  by  a  system 
giving  to  the  Government  the  full  knowledge 
which  is  the  essential  for  satisfactory  action. 
Then,  when  this  knowledge — one  of  the  essential 
features  of  which  is  proper  publicity — has  been 
gained,  what  further  steps  of  any  kind  are  nec 
essary  can  be  taken  with  the  confidence  born  of 
the  possession  of  power  to  deal  with  the  subject, 
and  of  a  thorough  knowledge  of  what  should  and 
can  be  done  in  the  matter.  We  need  additional 
power,  and  we  need  knowledge.  *  *  *  Such 
legislation — whether  obtainable  now  or  obtain- 

67 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

able  only  after  a  constitutional  amendment — 
should  provide  for  a  reasonable  supervision,  the 
most  prominent  feature  of  which  at  first  should 
be  publicity;  that  is,  the  making  public,  both  to 
the  Government  authorities  and  to  the  people  at 
large,  the  essential  facts  in  which  the  public  is 
concerned.  This  would  give  us  exact  knowl 
edge  of  many  points  which  are  now  not  only  in 
doubt  but  the  subject  of  fierce  controversy. 
Moreover,  the  mere  fact  of  the  publication 
would  cure  some  very  grave  evils,  for  the  light 
of  day  is  a  deterrent  to  wrongdoing.  It  would 
doubtless  disclose  other  evils  with  which,  for  the 
time  being,  we  could  devise  no  way  to  grapple. 
Finally,  it  would  disclose  others  which  could  be 
grappled  with  and  cured  by  further  legislative 
action." 

In  my  message  to  Congress  for  1901  I  said: 

"In  the  interest  of  the  whole  people  the  Na 
tion  should,  without  interfering  with  the  power 
of  the  States  in  the  matter,  itself  also  assume 

68 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

power  of  supervision  and  regulation  over  all  cor 
porations  doing  an  interstate  business." 

The  views  thus  expressed  have  now  received 
effect  by  the  wise,  conservative,  and  yet  far- 
reaching  legislation  enacted  by  Congress  at  its 
last  session. 

In  its  wisdom  Congress  enacted  the  very  im 
portant  law  providing  a  Department  of  Com 
merce  and  Labor,  and  further  providing  therein 
under  the  Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor  for 
a  Commissioner  of  Corporations,  charged  with 
the  duty  of  supervision  of  and  of  making  intelli 
gent  investigation  into  the  organization  and  con 
duct  of  corporations  engaged  in  interstate  com 
merce.  His  powers  to  expose  illegal  or  hurtful 
practices  and  to  obtain  all  information  needful 
for  the  purposes  of  further  intelligent  legisla 
tion  seem  adequate ;  and  the  publicity  justifiable 
and  proper  for  public  purposes  is  satisfactorily 
guaranteed.  The  law  was  passed  at  the  very  end 
of  the  session  of  Congress.  Owing  to  the  lateness 
of  its  passage  Congress  was  not  able  to  provide 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

proper  equipment  for  the  new  Department;  and 
the  first  few  months  must  necessarily  be  spent  in 
the  work  of  organization,  and  the  first  investiga 
tions  must  necessarily  be  of  a  tentative  character. 
The  satisfactory  development  of  such  a  system 
requires  time  and  great  labor.  Those  who  are 
intrusted  with  the  administration  of  the  new  law 
will  assuredly  administer  it  in  a  spirit  of  absolute 
fairness  and  justice  and  of  entire  fearlessness, 
with  the  firm  purpose  not  to  hurt  any  corpora 
tion  doing  a  legitimate  business — on  the  con 
trary  to  help  it — and,  on  the  other  hand,  not  to 
spare  any  corporation  which  may  be  guilty  of 
illegal  practices,  or  the  methods  of  which  may 
make  it  a  menace  to  the  public  welfare.  Some 
substantial  good  will  be  done  in  the  immediate 
future;  and  as  the  Department  gets  fairly  to 
work  under  the  law  an  ever  larger  vista  for  good 
work  will  be  opened  along  the  lines  indicated. 
The  enactment  of  this  law  is  one  of  the  most  sig 
nificant  contributions  which  have  been  made  In 
our  time  toward  the  proper  solution  of  the  prob- 

70 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 


the  relations  to  the  people  of  the  great 
corporations  and  corporate  combinations. 

But  much  though  this  is,  it  is  only  a  part  of 
what  has  been  done  in  the  effort  to  ascertain  and 
correct  improper  trust  or  monopolistic  practices. 
Some  eighteen  months  ago  the  Industrial  Com 
mission,  an  able  and  nonpartisan  body,  reported 
to  Congress  the  result  of  their  investigation  of 
trusts  and  industrial  combinations.  One  of  the 
most  important  of  their  conclusions  was  that  dis 
criminations  in  freight  rates  and  facilities  were 
granted  favored  shippers  by  the  railroads  and 
that  these  discriminations  clearly  tended  toward 
the  control  of  production  and  prices  in  many 
fields  of  business  by  large  combinations.  That 
this  conclusion  was  justifiable  was  shown  by  the 
disclosures  in  the  investigation  of  railroad  meth 
ods  pursued  in  the  fall  and  winter  of  1901-1902. 
It  was  then  shown  that  certain  trunk  lines  had 
entered  into  unlawful  agreements  as  to  the  trans 
portation  of  food  products  from  the  West  to  the 
Atlantic  seaboard,  giving  a  few  favored  ship- 

71 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

pers  rates  much  below  the  tariff  charges  imposed 
upon  the  smaller  dealers  and  the  general  public. 
These  unjust  practices  had  prevailed  to  such  an 
extent  and  for  so  long  a  time  that  many  of  the 
smaller  shippers  had  been  driven  out  of  busi 
ness,  until  practically  one  buyer  of  grain  on  each 
railway  system  had  been  able  by  his  illegal  ad 
vantages  to  secure  a  monopoly  on  the  line  with 
which  his  secret  compact  was  made ;  this  mon 
opoly  enabling  him  to  fix  the  price  to  both  pro 
ducer  and  consumer.  Many  of  the  great  pack 
ing  house  concerns  were  shown  to  be  in  com 
bination  with  each  other  and  with  most  of  the 
great  railway  lines,  whereby  they  enjoyed  large 
secret  concessions  in  rates  and  thus  obtained  a 
practical  monopoly  of  the  fresh  and  cured  meat 
industry  of  the  country.  These  fusions,  though 
violative  of  the  statute,  had  prevailed  unchecked 
for  so  many  years  that  they  had  become  in 
trenched  in  and  interwoven  with  the  commer 
cial  line  of  certain  large  distributing  localities; 
although  this  was  of  course  at  the  expense  of  the 

72 


From  Stereograph,  copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N. 


A  SEA  OF  FACES 

President  Roosevelt's  splendid  welcome  to  Lincoln,  Nebraska,  is  shown  In 
the  above  illustration. 


•«  i 


'*        UJ 
t       2 


*       U, 
^      O 


From   Stereograph,   copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,    N.   Y. 


IN   NEBRASKA 

'If,  as  individuals,  or  as  a  community,  we  mar  our  future  by  our  own  folly,  let 
us  remember  that  it  is  upon  ourselves  that  the  responsibility  must  rest." 


From   Stereograph,   copyright    by   Underwood   &   Underwood,    X.    Y. 

A  TYPICAL  IOWA  AUDIENCE 

'I  never  said  anything  off  the  stump  that  I  would  not  say  on  the  stump,  so  that 
what  I  say  now  you  can  take  as  sincere." 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

vast  body  of  law-abiding  merchants,  the  general 
public,  and  particularly  of  unfavored  localities. 

Under  those  circumstances  it  was  a  serious 
problem  to  determine  the  wise  course  to  follow 
in  vitalizing  a  law  which  had  in  part  become 
obsolete  or  proved  incapable  of  enforcement. 
Of  what  the  Attorney-General  did  in  enforcing 
it  I  shall  speak  later.  The  decisions  of  the 
courts  upon  the  law  had  betrayed  weaknesses 
and  imperfections,  some  of  them  so  serious  as  to 
render  abortive  efforts  to  apply  any  effective 
remedy  for  the  existing  evils. 

It  is  clear  that  corporations  created  for  quasi 
public  purposes,  clothed  for  that  reason  with 
the  ultimate  power  of  the  state  to  take  private 
property  against  the  will  of  the  owner,  hold  their 
corporate  powers  as  carriers  in  trust  for  the 
fairly  impartial  service  of  all  the  public.  Fa 
voritism  in  the  use  of  such  powers,  unjustly  en 
riching  some  and  unjustly  impoverishing  others, 
'discriminating  in  favor  of  some  places  arid 
against  others,  is  palpably  violative  of  plain 

77 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

principles  of  justice.  Such  a  practice  unchecked 
is  hurtful  in  many  ways.  Congress,  having  had 
its  attention  drawn  to  the  matter,  enacted  a 
most  important  anti-rebate  law,  which  greatly 
strengthens  the  interstate-commerce  law.  This 
new  law  prohibits  under  adequate  penalties  the 
giving  and  as  well  the  demanding  or  receiving 
of  such  preferences,  and  provides  the  prevent 
ive  remedy  of  injunction.  The  rigorous  admin 
istration  of  this  law,  and  it  will  be  enforced,  will, 
it  is  hoped,  afford  a  substantial  remedy  for  cer 
tain  trust  evils  which  have  attracted  public  at 
tention  and  have  created  public  unrest. 

This  law  represents  a  noteworthy  and  impor 
tant  advance  toward  just  and  effective  regula 
tion  of  transportation.  Moreover,  its  passage 
Has  been  supplemented  by  the  enactment  of  a 
law  to  expedite  the  hearing  of  actions  of  public 
moment  under  the  anti-trust  act,  known  as  the 
Sherman  law,  and  under  the  act  to  regulate 
commerce,  at  the  request  of  the  Attorney-Gen 
eral;  and  furthermore,  additional  funds  have 

78 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

been  appropriated  to  be  expended  under  the 
direction  of  the  Attorney-General  in  the  en 
forcement  of  these  laws. 

All  of  this  represents  a  great  and  substantial 
advance  in  legislation.  But  more  important  even 
than  legislation  is  the  administration  of  the  law, 
and  I  ask  your  attention  for  a  moment  to  the 
way  in  which  the  law  has  been  administered  by 
the  profound  jurist  and  fearless  public  servant 
who  now  occupies  the  position  of  Attorney-Gen 
eral,  Mr.  Knox.  The  Constitution  enjoins  upon 
the  President  that  he  shall  take  care  that  the 
laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  under  this  pro 
vision  the  Attorney-General  formulated  a  policy 
which  was  in  effect  nothing  but  the  rigid  en 
forcement,  by  suits  managed  with  consummate 
skill  and  ability,  both  of  the  anti-trust  law  and 
of  the  imperfect  provisions  of  the  act  to  regulate 
commerce.  The  first  step  taken  was  the  orose- 
cution  of  fourteen  suits  against  the  principal 
railroads  of  the  Middle  West,  restraining  them 
by  injunction  from  further  violations  of  either 
of  the  laws  in  question. 

79 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

About  the  same  time  the  case  against  the 
Northern  Securities  Company  was  initiated. 
This  was  a  corporation  organized  under  the  laws 
of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  with  a  capital  of  four 
hundred  million  dollars,  the  alleged  purpose  be 
ing  to  control  the  Great  Northern  and  the 
Northern  Pacific  railroad  companies,  two  par 
allel  and  competing  lines  extending  across  the 
northern  tier  of  States  from  the  Mississippi 
River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Whatever  the  pur 
pose  its  consummation  would  have  resulted  in 
the  control  of  the  two  great  railway  systems  upon 
which  the  people  of  the  Northwestern  States 
were  so  largely  dependent  for  their  supplies  and 
to  get  their  products  to  market  being  practically 
merged  into  the  New  Jersey  corporation.  The 
proposition  that  these  independent  systems  of 
railroads  should  be  merged  under  a  single  con 
trol  alarmed  the  people  of  the  States  concerned, 
lest  they  be  subjected  to  what  they  deemed  a 
monopoly  of  interstate  transportation  and  the 
suppression  of  competition.  The  governors  of 

80 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

the  States  most  deeply  affected  held  a  meeting 
to  consider  how  to  prevent  the  merger  becoming 
effective  and  passed  resolution  calling  upon  the 
National  Government  to  enforce  the  anti-trust 
laws  against  the  alleged  combination.  When 
these  resolutions  were  referred  to  the  Attorney- 
General  for  consideration  and  advice,  he  re 
ported  that  in  his  opinion  the  Northern  Secur 
ities  Company  and  its  control  of  the  railroads 
mentioned  was  a  combination  in  restraint  of 
trade  and  was  attempting  a  monopoly  in  viola 
tion  of  the  national  anti-trust  law.  Thereupon 
a  suit  in  equity,  which  is  now  pending,  was  be 
gun  by  the  Government  to  test  the  validity  of 
this  transaction  under  the  Sherman  law. 

At  nearly  the  same  time  the  disclosures  re 
specting  the  secret  rebates  enjoyed  by  the  great 
packing  house  companies,  coupled  with  the 
very  high  price  of  meats,  led  the  Attorney-Gen 
eral  to  direct  an  investigation  into  the  methods 
of  the  so-called  beef  trust.  The  result  was  that 
he  filed  bills  for  injunction  against  six  of  the 

81 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

principal  packing  house  companies,  and  re 
strained  them  from  combining  and  agreeing 
upon  prices  at  which  they  would  sell  their  prod 
ucts  in  States  other  than  those  in  which  their 
meats  were  prepared  for  market.  Writs  of  in 
junction  were  issued  accordingly,  and  since 
then,  after  full  argument,  the  United  States  cir 
cuit  court  has  made  the  injunction  perpetual. 

The  cotton  interests  of  the  South  including 
growers,  buyers,  and  shippers,  made  complaint 
that  they  were  suffering  great  injury  in  their 
business  from  the  methods  of  the  Southern  rail 
roads  in  the  handling  and  transportation  of  cot 
ton.  They  alleged  that  these  railroads,  by  com 
bined  action  under  a  pooling  arrangement  to 
support  their  rate  schedules,  had  denied  to  the 
shippers  the  right  to  elect  over  what  roads  their, 
commodities  should  be  shipped,  and  that  by  di 
viding  upon  a  fixed  basis  the  cotton  crop  of  the 
South  all  inducement  to  compete  in  rates  for  the 
transportation  thereof  was  eliminated.  Proceed 
ings  were  instituted  by  the  Attorney-General  un- 

82 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

der  the  anti-trust  law,  which  resulted  in  the  de 
struction  of  the  pool  and  in  restoring  to  the 
growers  and  shippers  of  the  South  the  right  to 
ship  their  products  over  any  road  they  elected, 
thus  removing  the  restraint  upon  the  freedom  of 
commerce. 

In  November,  1902,  the  Attorney-General 
directed  that  a  bill  for  an  injunction  be  filed  in 
the  United  States  circuit  court  at  San  Francisco 
against  the  Federal  Salt  Company — a  corpora 
tion  which  had  been  organized  under  the  laws 
of  an  Eastern  State,  but  had  its  main  office  and 
principal  place  of  business  in  California — and 
against  a  number  of  other  companies  and  per 
sons  constituting  what  was  known  as  the  salt 
trust.  These  injunctions  were  to  restrain  the 
execution  of  certain  contracts  between  the  Fed 
eral  Salt  Company  and  the  other  defendants,  by 
which  the  latter  agreed  neither  to  import,  buy, 
or  sell  salt,  except  from  and  to  the  Federal  Salt 
Company,  and  not  to  engage  or  assist  in  the  pro 
duction  of  salt  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  dur- 

83 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

ing  the  continuance  of  such  contracts.  As  the 
result  of  these  agreements  the  price  of  salt  had 
been  advanced  about  four  hundred  per  cent.  A 
temporary  injunction  order  was  obtained,  which 
the  defendants  asked  the  court  to  modify  on  the 
ground  that  the  anti-trust  law  had  no  application 
to  contracts  for  purchases  and  sales  within  a 
State.  The  circuit  court  overruled  this  conten 
tion  and  sustained  the  Government's  position. 
This  practically  concluded  the  case,  and  it  is  un 
derstood  that  in  consequence  the  Federal  Salt 
Company  is  about  to  be  dissolved  and  that  no 
further  contests  will  be  made. 

The  above  is  a  brief  outline  of  the  most  im 
portant  steps,  legislative  and  administrative, 
taken  during  the  past  eighteen  months  in  the 
direction  of  solving,  so  far  as  at  present  it  seems 
practicable  by  national  legislation  or  adminis 
tration  to  solve,  what  we  call  the  trust  problem. 
They  represent  a  sum  of  very  substantial  achieve 
ment.  They  represent  a  successful  effort  to  de 
vise  and  apply  real  remedies;  an  effort  which  so 

84 


Copyright    hy    1'ndenvood    &    rndc-nvood,    N.    Y. 

IN  IOWA 

"We  need  the  uprightness  and  fearlessness  in  a  public  servant  which  makes 
him   do  his  duty." 


From   Stereograph,    copyright  by  Underwood   &  Underwood,    X.   Y. 

IN   MISSOURI 

'This  Country,  which  we  believe  will  reach  a  position  of   leadership  never 
equaled,  should  so  act  that  posterity  will  justly  say  when  speak 
ing  of  us  'That   nation   built   good  roads'." 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

far  succeeded  because  it  was  made  not  only  with 
resolute  purpose  and  determination,  but  also  in 
a  spirit  of  common  sense  and  justice,  as  far  re 
moved  as  possible  from  rancor,  hysteria,  and  un 
worthy  demagogic  appeal.  In  the  same  spirit 
the  laws  will  continue  to  be  enforced.  Not  only 
is  the  legislation  recently  enacted  effective,  but 
in  my  judgment  it  was  impracticable  to  attempt 
more.  Nothing  of  value  is  to  be  expected  from 
ceaseless  agitation  for  radical  and  extreme  legis 
lation.  The  people  may  wisely,  and  with  con 
fidence,  await  the  results  which  are  reasonably 
to  be  expected  from  the  impartial  enforcement 
of  the  laws  which  have  recently  been  placed 
upon  the  statute  books.  Legislation  of  a  general 
and  indiscriminate  character  would  be  sure  to 
fail,  either  because  it  would  involve  all  interests 
in  a  common  ruin,  or  because  it  would  not  really 
reach  any  evil.  We  have  endeavored  to  provide 
a  discriminating  adaptation  of  the  remedy  to 
the  real  mischief. 

Many  of  the  alleged  remedies  advocated  are 

87 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

of  the  unpleasantly  drastic  type  which  seeks  to 
destroy  the  disease  by  killing  the  patient.  Others 
are  so  obviously  futile  that  it  is  somewhat  diffi 
cult  to  treat  them  seriously  or  as  being  advanced 
in  good  faith.  High  among  the  latter  I  place 
the  effort  to  reach  the  trust  question  by  means 
of  the  tariff.  You  can,  of  course,  put  an  end  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  trusts  by  putting  an  end 
to  the  prosperity  of  the  Nation,  but  the  price 
for  such  action  seems  high.  The  alternative  is 
to  do  exactly  what  has  been  done  during  the  life 
of  the  Congress  which  has  just  closed — that  is, 
to  endeavor,  not  to  destroy  corporations,  but  to 
regulate  them  with  a  view  of  doing  away  with 
whatever  is  of  evil  in  them  and  of  making  them 
subserve  the  public  use.  The  law  is  not  to  be 
administered  in  the  interest  of  the  poor  man  as 
such,  nor  yet  in  the  interest  of  the  rich  man  as 
such,  but  in  the  interest  of  the  law-abiding  man, 
rich  or  poor.  We  are  no  more  against  organiza 
tions  of  capital  than  against  organizations  of 
labor.  We  welcome  both,  demanding  only  that 

88 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

each  shall  do  right  and  shall  remember  its  duty 
to  the  Republic.  Such  a  course  we  consider  not 
merely  a  benefit  to  the  poor  man,  but  a  benefit 
to  the  rich  man.  We  do  no  man  an  injustice 
when  we  require  him  to  obey  the  law.  On  the 
contrary,  if  he  is  a  man  whose  safety  and  well- 
being  depend  in  a  peculiar  degree  upon  the  ex 
istence  of  the  spirit  of  law  and  order,  we  are 
rendering  him  the  greatest  service  when  we  re 
quire  him  to  be  himself  an  exemplar  of  that 
spirit, 


89 


CHAPTER  III. 

MILWAUKEE  TO  MINNEAPOLIS. 

The  train  left  Milwaukee  at  midnight,  April 
4,  via  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Rail 
way  and  arrived  at  La  Crosse.,  at  8:30,  a.  m. 
The  President  was  met  by  a  committee  at  the 
head  of  which  were  Congressman  Each  and 
Mayor  Boschart.  He  addressed  a  crowd  of  ten 
or  fifteen  thousand  people  upon  the  subject  of 
good  citizenship. 

At  Winona  five  thousand  people  were  at  the 
depot,  and  the  President  spoke  for  nearly  ten 
minutes.  He  urged  parents  to  teach  their  chil 
dren  to  do  and  not  to  dodge.  Thus  they  would 
learn  true  manhood  and  womanhood. 

At  St.  Paul  a  salute  by  Battery  A,  of  the  Min 
nesota  National  Guard,  joined  with  the  cheers 
of  an  immense  concourse  that  filled  the  streets, 
voiced  the  welcome  of  the  Northwest  when  the 
train  pulled  in  at  2:30,  p.  m.  The  President 

90 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

was  greeted  by  Governor  Van  Sant  and  a  com 
mittee.  An  escort  of  Civil  and  Spanish  War 
Veterans,  National  Guard  and  the  aist  U.  S.  I. 
accompanied  him  to  the  capitol,  where  he  spoke 
to  the  members  of  the  legislature  on  Good  Citi 
zenship. 

The  nation,  he  said,  could  do  no  better  than 
the  individuals  who  compose  it,  and  if  we  wish 
for  a  strong  and  progressive  nation  we  must  cul 
tivate  strength  and  individuality  among  our  citi 
zens.  He  referred  to  his  letter  on  "Race  Sui 
cide,"  saying  that,  while  the  letter  had  attracted 
much  more  attention  than  he  imagined  it  would, 
he  was  glad  of  it;  that  he  reaffirmed  in  strong 
tones  the  sentiments  he  had  therein  expressed, 
and  believed  that  the  discussion  which  had  been 
created  would  have  a  marked  effect  upon  the 
race.  We  were,  he  said,  by  the  amalgamation  of 
foreign  nationalities,  the  intermarriage  of  the 
sturdy  foreign  emigrants  who  had  sought  our 
shores,  evolving  a  new  race — an  American  Race. 
He  referred  to  the  great  sums  being  spent  by 

91 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

western  states  in  the  education  of  Young  Amer 
ica,  commended  it,  but  added  that  this  public 
school  education  must  be  supplemented  by  the 
education  of  the  home.  Home  influences 
counted  for  much.  No  matter  how  much  the 
father  may  seek  to  instill  wise  precepts  into  the 
mind  of  his  child,  if  he  did  not  enforce  those 
precepts  with  his  own  good  example,  he  could 
not  expect  his  child  to  become  a  good  citizen. 
"Furthermore,  we  must  not  allow  our  children 
to  be  reared  in  the  lap  of  luxury.  Put  them 
out  in  the  world  to  struggle  for  themselves,  and 
thus  gain  an  education  in  the  rough  school  of 
experience  that  will  teach  them  to  be  strong,  to 
be  independent  and  to  be  manly.  Maintain  a 
high  standard  of  individual  citizenship,  and  the 
nation  will  never  deteriorate." 

The  President  was  taken  to  Minneapolis  in 
an  electric  car.  The  streets  were  lined  with  peo 
ple,  and  his  reception  was  most  enthusiastic.  He 
spoke  for  a  few  minutes  to  the  students  of  the 
University  of  Minnesota,  and  then  attended  a 

92 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

banquet  at  the  Nicolette  Hotel,  at  which  were 
present  225  persons,  including  Governor  Van 
Sant  and  other  state  officials,  congressmen  and 
members  of  the  reception  committee  and  other 
prominent  citizens. 

In  responding  to  a  toast,  the  President,  talking 
on  The  Tariff,  said: 

ADDRESS  OF  PRESIDENT  ROOSEVELT  AT  MINNE 
APOLIS,  MINN.,  APRIL  4,  1903— THE  TARIFF. 

My  Fellow-Citizens: 

At  the  special  session  of  the  Senate  held  in 
March  the  Cuban  reciprocity  treaty  was  ratified. 
When  this  treaty  goes  into  effect,  it  will  confer 
substantial  economic  benefits  alike  upon  Cuba, 
because  of  the  widening  of  her  market  in  the 
United  States,  and  upon  the  United  States,  be 
cause  of  the  equal  widening  and  the  progressive 
control  it  will  give  to  our  people  in  the  Cuban 
market.  This  treaty  is  beneficial  to  both  parties 
and  justifies  itself  on  several  grounds.  In  the 
first  place  we  offer  to  Cuba  her  natural  market. 

93 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

We  can  confer  upon  her  a  benefit  which  no  other 
nation  can  confer;  and  for  the  very  reason  we 
have  started  her  as  an  independent  republic  and 
that  we  are  rich,  prosperous,  and  powerful,  it 
behooves  us  to  stretch  out  a  helping  hand  to  our 
feebler  younger  sister.     In   the  next  place  it 
widens  the  market  for  our  products,  both  the 
products  of  the  farm  and  certain  of  our  manu 
factures;  and  it  is  therefore  in  the  interests  of 
our    farmers,    manufacturers,    merchants,    and 
wage-workers.      Finally,    the    treaty    was    not 
merely  warranted  but  demanded,  apart  from  all 
other  considerations,  by  the  enlightened  consid 
eration  of  our  foreign  policy.    More  and  more 
in  the  future  we  must  occupy  a  preponderant 
position  in  the  waters  and  along  the  coasts  in  the 
region  south  of  us ;  not  a  position  of  control  over 
the  republics  of  the  south  but  of  control  of  the 
military  situation  so  as  to  avoid  any  possible 
complications  in  the  future.     Under  the  Platt 
amendment  Cuba  agreed  to  give  us  certain  naval 
stations  on  her  coast.     The  Navy  Department 

94 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

decided  that  we  needed  but  two,  and  we  have 
specified  where  these  two  are  to  be.  President 
Palma  has  concluded  an  agreement  giving  them 
to  us — an  agreement  which  the  Cuban  legislative 
body  will  doubtless  soon  ratify.  In  other  words, 
the  Republic  of  Cuba  has  assumed  a  special 
relation  to  our  international  political  system,  un 
der  which  she  gives  us  outposts  of  defense,  and 
we  are  morally  bound  to  extend  to  her  in  a  degree 
the  benefit  of  our  own  economic  system.  From 
every  standpoint  of  wise  and  enlightened  home 
and  foreign  policy  the  ratification  of  the  Cuban 
treaty  marked  a  step  of  substantial  progress  in 
the  growth  of  our  Nation  toward  greatness  at 
home  and  abroad. 

Equally  important  was  the  action  on  the  tariff 
upon  products  of  the  Philippines.  We  gave 
them  a  reduction  of  twenty-five  per  cent,  and 
would  have  given  them  a  reduction  of  twenty- 
five  per  cent  more  had  it  not  been  for  the  oppo 
sition,  in  the  hurried  closing  days  of  the  last 
session,  of  certain  gentlemen  who,  by  the  way, 

95 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

have  been  representing  themselves  both  as  pecul 
iarly  solicitous  for  the  interests  of  the  Philippine 
people  and  as  special  champions  of  the  lower 
ing  of  tariff  duties.  There  is  a  distinctly  humor 
ous  side  to  the  fact  that  the  reduction  of  duties 
which  would  benefit  Cuba  and  the  Philippines 
as  well  as  ourselves,  was  antagonized  chiefly  by 
those  who  in  theory  have  been  fond  of  proclaim 
ing  themselves  the  advanced  guardians  of  the 
oppressed  nationalities  in  the  islands  affected  and 
the  ardent  advocates  of  the  reductions  of  duties 
generally,  but  who  instantly  took  violent  ground 
against  the  practical  steps  to  accomplish  either 
purpose. 

Moreover,  a  law  was  enacted  putting  anthra 
cite  on  the  free  list  and  completely  removing  the 
duties  on  all  other  kinds  of  coal  for  one  year. 

We  are  now  in  a  condition  of  prosperity  un 
paralleled  not  merely  in  our  own  history  but  in 
the  history  of  any  other  nation.  This  prosperity 
is  deep  rooted  and  stands  on  a  firm  basis  because 
it  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  average  American 

96 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

has  in  him  the  stuff  out  of  which  victors  are  made 
in  the  great  industrial  contests  of  the  present 
day,  just  as  in  the  great  military  contests  of  the 
past;  and  because  he  is  now  able  to  use  and  de 
velop  his  qualities  to  best  advantage  under  our 
well-established  economic  system.  We  are  win 
ning  headship  among  the  nations  of  the  world 
because  our  people  are  able  to  keep  their  high 
average  of  individual  citizenship  and  to  show 
their  mastery  in  the  hard,  complex,  pushing  life 
of  the  age.  There  will  be  fluctuations  from  time 
to  time  in  our  prosperity,  but  it  will  continue  to 
grow  just  so  long  as  we  keep  up  this  high  aver 
age  of  individual  citizenship  and  permit  it  to 
work  out  its  own  salvation  under  proper  econ 
omic  legislation. 

The  present  phenomenal  prosperity  has  been 
won  under  a  tariff  which  was  made  in  accord 
ance  with  certain  fixed  and  definite  principles, 
the  most  important  of  which  is  an  avowed  deter 
mination  to  protect  the  interests  of  the  American 
producer,  business  man,  wage-worker,  and 

97 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

farmer  alike.  The  general  tariff  policy,  to 
which  without  regard  to  changes  in  detail,  I 
believe  this  country  is  irrevocably  committed, 
is  fundamentally  based  upon  ample  recognition 
of  the  difference  between  the  cost  of  production 
— that  is,  the  cost  of  labor — here  and  abroad,  and 
of  the  need  to  see  to  it  that  our  laws  shall  in 
no  event  afford  advantage  in  our  own  market  to 
foreign  industries  over  American  industries,  to 
foreign  capital  over  American  capital,  to  for 
eign  labor  over  our  own  labor.  This  country 
has  and  this  country  needs  better-paid,  better- 
educated,  better-fed,  and  better-clothed  work- 
ingmen,  of  a  higher  type,  than  are  to  be  found 
in  any  foreign  country.  It  has  and  it  needs  a 
higher,  more  vigorous,  and  more  prosperous 
type  of  tillers  of  the  soil  than  is  possessed  by  any 
other  country.  The  business  men,  the  merchants 
and  manufacturers,  and  the  managers  of  the 
transportation  interests  show  the  same  superi 
ority  when  compared  with  men  of  their  type 
abroad.  The  events  of  the  last  few  years  have 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE   PEOPLE 

shown  how  skillfully  the  leaders  of  American 
industry  use  in  international  business  competi 
tion  the  mighty  industrial  weapons  forged  for 
them  by  the  resources  of  our  country,  the  wis 
dom  of  our  laws,  and  the  skill,  the  inventive 
genius,  and  the  administrative  capacity  of  our 
people. 

It  is,  of  course,  a  mere  truism  to  say  that  we 
want  to  use  everything  in  our  power  to  foster 
the  welfare  of  our  entire  body  politic.  In  other 
words,  we  need  to  treat  the  tariff  as  a  business 
proposition,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  interests 
of  the  country  as  a  whole,  and  not  with  refer 
ence  to  the  temporary  needs  of  any  political 
party.  It  is  almost  as  necessary  that  our  policy 
should  be  stable  as  that  it  should  be  wise.  A 
nation  like  ours  could  not  long  stand  the  ruin 
ous  policy  of  readjusting  its  business  to  radical 
changes  in  the  tariff  at  short  intervals,  especially 
when,  as  now,  owing  to  the  immense  extent  and 
variety  of  our  products,  the  tariff  schedules 
carry  rates  of  duty  on  thousands  of  different 

99 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

articles.  Sweeping  and  violent  changes  in  such 
a  tariff,  touching  so  vitally  the  interests  of  all 
of  us,  embracing  agriculture,  labor,  manufac 
tures,  and  commerce,  would  be  disastrous  in  any 
event,  and  they  would  be  fatal  to  our  present 
well-being  if  approached  on  the  theory  that  the 
principle  of  the  protective  tariff  was  to  be 
abandoned.  The  business  world,  that  is,  the 
entire  American  world,  can  not  afford,  if  it  has 
any  regard  for  its  own  welfare,  even  to  consider 
the  advisability  of  abandoning  the  present  sys 
tem. 

Yet,  on  the  other  hand,  where  the  industrial 
conditions  so  frequently  change,  as  with  us  must 
of  necessity  be  the  case,  it  is  a  matter  of  prime 
importance  that  we  should  be  able  from  time 
to  time  to  adapt  our  economic  policy  to  the 
changed  conditions.  Our  aim  should  be  to  pre 
serve  the  policy  of  a  protective  tariff,  in  which 
the  Nation  as  a  whole  has  acquiesced,  and  yet 
wherever  and  whenever  necessary  to  change  the 

duties  in  particular  paragraphs  or  schedules  as 

100 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

matters  of  legislative  detail,  if  such  change  is 
demanded  by  the  interests  of  the  Nation  as  a 
whole. 

In  making  any  readjustment  there  are  certain 
important  considerations  which  can  not  be  dis 
regarded.  If  a  tariff  law  has  on  the  whole 
worked  well,  and  if  business  has  prospered  un 
der  it  and  is  prospering,  it  may  be  better  to  en 
dure  some  inconveniences  and  inequalities  for 
a  time  than  by  making  changes  to  risk  causing 
disturbance  and  perhaps  paralysis  in  the  indus 
tries  and  business  of  the  country.  The  fact  that 
the  change  in  a  given  rate  of  duty  may  be 
thought  desirable  does  not  settle  the  question 
whether  it  is  advisable  to  make  the  change  im 
mediately.  Every  tariff  deals  with  duties  on 
thousands  of  articles  arranged  in  hundreds  of 
paragraphs  and  in  many  schedules.  These 
duties  affect  a  vast  number  of  interests  which  are 
often  conflicting.  If  necessary  for  our  welfare, 
then  of  course  Congress  must  consider  the  ques 
tion  of  changing  the  law  as  a  whole  or  changing 

101 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE   PEOPLE 

any  given  rates  of  duty,  but  we  must  remember 
that  whenever  even  a  single  schedule  is  consid 
ered  some  interests  will  appear  to  demand  a 
change  in  almost  every  schedule  in  the  law ;  and 
when  it  comes  to  upsetting  the  schedules  gener 
ally  the  effect  upon  the  business  interests  of  the 
country  would  be  ruinous. 

One  point  we  must  steadily  keep  in  mind. 
The  question  of  tariff  revision,  speaking  broadly, 
stands  wholly  apart  from  the  question  of  deal 
ing  with  the  trusts.  No  change  in  tariff  duties 
can  have  any  substantial  effect  in  solving  the  so- 
called  trust  problem.  Certain  great  trusts  or 
great  corporations  are  wholly  unaffected  by  the 
tariff.  Practically  all  the  others  that  are  of  any 
importance  have  as  a  matter  of  fact  numbers  of 
smaller  American  competitors;  and  of  course  a 
change  in  the  tariff  which  would  work  injury 
to  the  large  corporation  would  work  not  merely 
injury  but  destruction  to  its  smaller  compet 
itors;  and  equally  of  course  such  a  change  would 

mean  disaster  to  all  the  wage-workers  connected 

102 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y, 

IN  MISSOURI 

'We  must  insist  upon  courage  and  resolution,  upon  hardihood  tenacity  and  fer 
tility  of  resource,  we  must  insist  upon  the  strong  virile  virtues,  self- 
restraint,  self-mastery  and  regard  for  the  rights  of  others." 


Copyright    by    Tudcnvoud    &     Cudcrwood,    N.    Y. 

IN  KANSAS 

"We  have  in  our  scheme  of  government  no  room  for  the  man  who  does  not 
wish  to  pay  his  way  through  life  by  what  he  does." 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

with  either  the  large  or  the  small  corporations. 
From  the  standpoint  of  those  interested  in  the 
solution  of  the  trust  problem  such  a  change 
would  therefore  merely  mean  that  the  trust  was 
relieved  of  the  competition  of  its  weaker  Amer 
ican  competitors,  and  thrown  only  into  com 
petition  with  foreign  competitors;  and  that  the 
first  effort  to  meet  this  new  competition  would 
be  made  by  cutting  down  wages,  and  would 
therefore  be  primarily  at  the  cost  of  labor.  In 
the  case  of  some  of  our  greatest  trusts  such  a 
change  might  confer  upon  them  a  positive  bene 
fit.  Speaking  broadly,  it  is  evident  that  the 
changes  in  the  tariff,  will  affect  the  trusts  for 
weal  or  for  woe  simply  as  they  affect  the  whole 
country.  The  tariff  affects  trusts  only  as  it  af 
fects  all  other  interests.  It  makes  all  these  in 
terests,  large  or  small,  profitable;  and  its  bene 
fits  can  be  taken  from  the  large  only  under  pen 
alty  of  taking  them  from  the  small  also. 

To  sum  up,  then,  we  must  as  a  people  ap 
proach  a  matter  of  such  prime  economic  im- 

105 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

portance  as  the  tariff  from  the  standpoint  of  our 
business  needs.  We  can  not  afford  to  become 
fossilized  or  to  fail  to  recognize  the  fact  that  as 
the  needs  of  the  country  change  it  may  be  neces 
sary  to  meet  these  new  needs  by  changing  certain 
features  of  our  tariff  laws.  Still  less  can  we  af 
ford  to  fail  to  recognize  the  further  fact  that  these 
changes  must  not  be  made  until  the  need  for 
them  outweighs  the  disadvantages  which  may 
result;  and  when  it  becomes  necessary  to  make 
them  they  should  be  made  with  full  recognition 
of  the  need  of  stability  in  our  economic  system 
and  of  keeping  unchanged  the  principle  of  that 
system  which  has  now  become  a  settled  policy 
in  our  national  life.  We  have  prospered  mar- 
velously  at  home.  As  a  nation  we  stand  in  the 
very  forefront  in  the  giant  international  indus 
trial  competition  of  the  day.  We  can  n»ot  afford 
by  any  freak  of  folly  to  forfeit  the  position  to 
which  we  have  thus  triumphantly  attained. 


106 


CHAPTER  IV. 

MINNEAPOLIS  TO  SIOUX  FALLS. 
The  train  left  Minneapolis  at  11  p.  m.,  and 
reached  Sioux  Falls,  S.  D.,  at  8  o'clock  on  the 
morning  of  April  5.  The  President  was  met  by 
a  delegation  led  by  Mayor  Burnside  and  es 
corted  to  the  Cataract  House  by  a  detachment 
of  two  militia  companies.  He  attended  church 
in  the  morning,  took  a  horseback  ride  in  the  af 
ternoon,  and  went  to  church  in  the  evening.  He 
was  up  early  Monday  morning,  and,  after  a  ride 
around  the  city,  went  to  the  Auditorium,  where 
he  addressed  four  thousand  school  children. 
Subsequently  he  spoke  from  a  stand  to  six  thou 
sand  people,  concerning  The  Wage-Worker  and 
the  Tiller  of  the  Soil : 


107 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

ADDRESS    OF    PRESIDENT    ROOSEVELT    AT    SIOUX 

FALLS,    SOUTH   DAKOTA,   APRIL   6,    1903— THE 

WAGE- WORKER  AND  THE  TILLER  OF  THE  SOIL. 

Fellow-Citizens : 

There  are  many,  many  lesser  problems  which 
go  to  make  up  in  their  entirety  the  huge  and 
complex  problems  of  our  modern  industrial  life. 
Each  of  these  problems  is,  moreover,  connected 
with  many  of  the  others.  Few  indeed  are  simple 
or  stand  only  by  themselves.  The  most  impor 
tant  are  those  connected  with  the  relation  of  the 
farmers,  the  stock  growlers  and  soil  tillers,  to  the 
community  at  large,  and  those  affecting  the  re 
lations  between  employer  and  employed.  In  a 
country  like  ours  it  is  fundamentally  true  that 
the  well-being  of  the  tiller  of  the  soil  and  the 
wage-worker  is  the  well-being  of  the  state.  If 
they  are  well  off,  then  we  need  concern  ourselves 
but  little  as  to  how  other  classes  stand,  for  they 
will  inevitably  be  well  off  too;  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  there  can  be  no  real  general  prosperity 

108 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

unless  based  on  the  foundation  of  the  prosperity 
of  the  wage-worker  and  the  tiller  of  the  soil. 

But  the  needs  of  these  two  classes  are  often 
not  the  same.  The  tiller  of  the  soil  has  been  of 
all  our  citizens  the  one  on  the  whole  the  least 
affected  in  his  ways  of  life  and  methods  of  in 
dustry  by  the  giant  industrial  changes  of  the  last 
half  century.  There  has  been  change  with  him, 
too,  of  course.  He  also  can  work  to  best  ad 
vantage  if  he  keeps  in  close  touch  with  his  fel 
lows;  and  the  success  of  the  national  Depart 
ment  of  Agriculture  has  shown  how  much  can 
be  done  for  him  by  rational  action  of  the  Gov 
ernment.  Nor  is  it  only  through  the  Depart 
ment  that  the  Government  can  act.  One  of  the 
greatest  and  most  beneficent  measures  passed  by 
the  last  Congress,  or  indeed  by  any  Congress  in 
recent  years,  is  the  Irrigation  Act,  which  will 
do  for  the  States  of  the  Great  Plains  and  the 
Rocky  Mountain  region  at  least  as  much  as 
ever  has  been  done  for  the  States  of  the  humid 
region  by  river  and  harbor  improvements.  Few 

109 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

measures  that  have  been  put  upon  the  statute 
books  of  the  Nation  have  done  more  for  the 
people  than  this  law  will,  I  firmly  believe, 
directly  and  indirectly  accomplish  for  the  States 
in  question. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  devotes  its 
whole  energy  to  working  for  the  welfare  of 
farmers  and  stock  growers.  In  every  section  of 
our  country  it  aids  them  in  their  constantly  in 
creasing  search  for  a  better  agricultural  educa 
tion.  It  helps  not  only  them,  but  all  the  Nation, 
in  seeing  that  our  exports  of  meats  have  clean 
bills  of  health,  and  that  there  is  rigid  inspection 
of  all  meats  that  enter  into  interstate  commerce. 
Thirty-eight  million  carcasses  were  inspected 
during  the  last  fiscal  year.  Our  stock  growers 
sell  forty-five  million  dollars'  worth  of  live  stock 
annually,  and  these  animals  must  be  kept  healthy 
or  else  our  people  will  lose  their  trade.  Our  ex 
port  of  plant  products  to  foreign  countries 
amounts  to  over  six  hundred  million  dollars  a 

year,  and  there  is  no  branch  of  its  work  to  which 

110 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE   PEOPLE 

the  Department  of  Agriculture  devotes  more 
care.  Thus  the  Department  has  been  success 
fully  introducing  a  macaroni  wheat  from  the 
headwaters  of  the  Volga,  which  grows  success 
fully  in  ten  inches  of  rainfall,  and  by  this  means 
wheat  growing  has  been  successfully  extended 
westward  into  the  semiarid  region.  Two  mil 
lion  bushels  of  this  wheat  were  grown  last  year; 
and  being  suited  to  dry  conditions  it  can  be  used 
for  forage  as  well  as  for  food  for  man. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  has  been 
helping  our  fruit  men  to  establish  markets 
abroad  by  studying  methods  of  fruit  preserva 
tion  through  refrigeration  and  through  meth 
ods  of  handling  and  packing.  On  the  Gulf 
coasts  of  Louisiana  and  Texas,  thanks  to  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  a  rice  suitable  to 
the  region  was  imported  from  the  Orient  and 
the  rice  crop  is  now  practically  equal  to  our 
needs  in  this  country,  whereas  a  few  years  ago 
it  supplied  but  one-fourth  of  them.  The  most 

important  of  our  farm  products  is  the  grass 

111 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

crop;  and  to  show  what  has  been  done  with 
grasses,  I  need  only  allude  to  the  striking  change 
made  in  the  entire  West  by  the  extended  use  of 
alfalfa. 

Moreover,  the  Department  has  taken  the  lead 
in  the  effort  to  prevent  the  deforestation  of  the 
country.  Where  there  are  forests  we  seek  to 
preserve  them;  and  on  the  once  treeless  plains 
and  the  prairies  we  are  doing  our  best  to  foster 
the  habit  of  tree  planting  among  our  people. 
In  my  own  lifetime  I  have  seen  wonderful 
changes  brought  about  by  this  tree  planting 
here  in  your  own  State  and  in  the  States  im 
mediately  around  it. 

There  are  a  number  of  very  important  ques 
tions,  such  as  that  of  good  roads,  with  which  the 
States  alone  can  deal,  and  where  all  that  the 
National  Government  can  do  is  to  cooperate 
with  them.  The  same  is  true  of  the  education 
of  the  American  farmer.  A  number  of  the 
States  have  themselves  started  to  help  in  this 

work  and  the  Department  of  Agriculture  does 

112 


_0 

"c 

;1| 

lij"    "o 
fc      UJ     o 

HI 

H    O 

<         V- 


o 

g  • 


From   Stereograph,   copyright   by   Underwood   &   Underwood,    N.   Y. 

IN    KANSAS 

"Capacity  for  work  is  absolutely  necessary  and  no  man  can  be  said  to  live  in  tho 
true  sense  of  the  word  if  he  does  not  work." 


Copyright   by    Underwood   &   Underwood,    N.   Y. 

TAKING  POT  LUCK  WITH  THE  BOYS 
President  Roosevelt  enjoying  a  Cowboy's  Breakfast  at  Hugo,  Colorado. 


by    Underwood    4    Underwood.    N.    Y. 
IN  DENVER 


ROOSEVELT    AMONCi    TIJK    J'EOPLE 

an  immense  amount  which  is  in  the  proper  sense 
of  the  word  educational,  and  educational  in  the 
most  practical  way. 

It  is  therefore  clearly  true  that  a  great  ad 
vance  has  been  made  in  the  direction  of  finding 
ways  by  which  the  Government  can  help  the 
farmer  to  help  himself — the  only  kind  of  help 
which  a  self-respecting  man  will  accept,  or,  I 
may  add,  which  will  in  the  end  do  him  any  good. 
Much  has  been  done  in  these  ways,  and  farm  life 
and  farm  processes  continually  change  for  the 
better.  The  farmer  himself  still  retains,  because 
of  his  suroundings  and  the  nature  of  his  work, 
to  a  preeminent  degree  the  qualities  which  we 
like  to  think  of  as  distinctly  American  in  con 
sidering  our  early  history.  The  man  who  tills 
his  own  farm,  whether  on  the  prairie  or  in  the 
woodland,  the  man  who  grows  what  we  eat  and 
the  raw  material  which  is  worked  up  into  what 
we  wear,  still  exists  more  nearly  under  the  con 
ditions  which  obtained  when  the  "embattled 


117 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

farmers"  of  '76  made  this  country  a  Nation  than 
is  true  of  any  others  of  our  people. 

But  the  wage-workers  in  our  cities,  like  the 
capitalists  in  our  cities,  face  totally  changed  con 
ditions.  The  development  of  machinery  and  the 
extraordinary  change  in  business  conditions  have 
rendered  the  employment  of  capital  and  of  per 
sons  in  large  aggregations  not  merely  profitable 
but  often  necessary  for  success,  and  have  spe 
cialized  the  labor  of  the  wage-worker  at  the 
same  time  that  they  have  brought  great  aggre 
gations  of  wage-workers  together.  More  and 
more  in  our  great  industrial  centers  men  have 
come  to  realize  that  they  can  not  live  as  inde 
pendently  of  one  another  as  in  the  old  days  was 
the  case  everywhere,  and  as  is  now  the  case  in 
the  country  districts. 

Of  course,  fundamentally  each  man  will  yet 
find  that  the  chief  factor  in  determining  his  suc 
cess  or  failure  in  life  is  the  sum  of  his  own  in 
dividual  qualities.  He  can  not  afford  to  lose 

His  individual  initiative,  his  individual  will  and 

118 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

power,  but  he  can  best  use  that  power  if  for  cer 
tain  objects  he  unites  with  his  fellows.  Much 
can  be  done  by  organization,  combination,  union 
among  the  wage-workers ;  finally  something  can 
be  done  by  the  direct  action  of  the  state.  It  is 
not  possible  empirically  to  declare  when  the  in 
terference  of  the  state  should  be  deemed  legit 
imate  and  when  illegitimate. 

The  line  of  demarcation  between  unhealthy 
overinterference  and  unhealthy  lack  of  regula 
tion  is  not  always  well  defined,  and  shifts  with  the 
change  in  our  industrial  needs.  Most  certainly 
we  should  never  invoke  the  interference  of  the 
State  or  Nation  unless  it  is  absolutely  necessary; 
but  it  is  equally  true  that  when  confident  of  its 
necessity  we  should  not  on  academic  grounds  re 
fuse  it.  Wise  factory  laws,  laws  to  forbid  the  em 
ployment  of  child  labor  and  to  safeguard  the 
employees  against  the  effects  of  culpable  negli 
gence  by  the  employer,  are  necessary,  not  merely 
in  the  interest  of  the  wage-worker,  but  in  the 
interest  of  the  honest  and  humane  employer,  who 

119 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

should  not  be  penalized  for  his  honesty  and  hu 
manity  by  being  exposed  to  unchecked  competi 
tion  with  an  unscrupulous  rival.  It  is  far  more 
difficult  to  deal  with  the  greed  that  works 
through  cunning  than  with  the  greed  that  works 
through  violence.  But  the  effort  to  deal  with 
it  must  be  steadily  made. 

Very  much  of  our  effort  in  reference  to  labor 
matters  should  be  by  every  device  and  expedient 
to  try  to  secure  a  constantly  better  understanding 
between  employer  and  employee.  Everything 
possible  should  be  done  to  increase  the  sym 
pathy  and  fellow-feeling  between  them,  and 
every  chance  taken  to  allow  each  to  look  at  all 
questions,  especially  at  questions  in  dispute, 
somewhat  through  the  other's  eyes.  If  met  with 
a  sincere  desire  to  act  fairly  by  one  another,  and 
if  there  is,  furthermore,  power  by  each  to  ap 
preciate  the  other's  standpoint,  the  chance  for 
trouble  is  minimized.  I  suppose  every  thinking 
man  rejoices  when  by  mediation  or  arbitration 

it  proves  possible  to  settle  troubles  in  time  to 

120 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

avert  the  suffering  and  bitterness  caused  by 
strikes.  Moreover,  a  conciliation  committee 
can  do  best  work  when  the  trouble  is  in  its  be 
ginning,  or  at  least  has  not  come  to  a  head. 
When  the  break  has  actually  occurred,  damage 
has  been  done,  and  each  side  feels  sore  and  an 
gry;  and  it  is  difficult  to  get  them  together — 
difficult  to  make  either  forget  its  own  wrongs 
and  remember  the  rights  of  the  other.  If  pos 
sible  the  effort  at  conciliation  or  mediation  or 
arbitration  should  be  made  in  the  earlier  stages, 
and  should  be  marked  by  the  wish  on  the  part 
of  both  sides  to  try  to  come  to  a  common  agree 
ment  which  each  shall  think  in  the  interests  of 
the  other  as  well  as  of  itself. 

When  we  deal  with  such  a  subject  we 
are  fortunate  in  having  before  us  an  admira 
ble  object  lesson  in  the  work  that  has  just  been 
closed  by  the  Anthracite  Coal  Strike  Commis 
sion.  This  was  the  Commission  which  was  ap 
pointed  last  fall  at  the  time  when  the  coal  strike 

in  the  anthracite  regions  threatened  our  Nation 

121 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

with  a  disaster  second  to  none  which  has  befallen 
us  since  the  days  of  the  Civil  War.  Their  re 
port  was  made  just  before  the  Senate  adjourned 
at  the  special  session;  and  no  Government  docu 
ment  of  recent  years  marks  a  more  important 
piece  of  work  better  done,  and  there  is  none 
which  teaches  sounder  social  morality  to  our 
people.  The  Commission  consisted  of  seven  as 
good  men  as  were  to  be  found  in  the  country,  rep 
resenting  the  bench,  the  church,  the  army,  the 
professions,  the  employers,  and  the  employed. 
They  acted  as  a  unit,  and  the  report  which  they 
unanimously  signed  is  a  masterpiece  of  sound 
common  sense  and  of  sound  doctrine  on  the  very 
questions  with  which  our  people  should  most 
deeply  concern  themselves.  The  immediate  ef 
fect  of  this  Commission's  appointment  and  ac 
tion  was  of  vast  and  incalculable  benefit  to  the 
Nation;  but  the  ultimate  effect  will  be  even 
better,  if  capitalist,  wage-worker,  and  lawmaker 
alike  will  take  to  heart  and  act  upon  the  lessons 

set  forth  in  the  report  they  have  made. 

122 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

Of  course  the  National  Government  has  but 
a  small  field  in  which  it  can  work  in  labor  mat 
ters.  Something  it  can  do,  however,  and  that 
something  ought  to  be  done.  Among  other 
things  I  should  like  to  see  the  District  of  Co 
lumbia,  which  is  completely  under  the  control 
of  the  National  Government,  receive  a  set  of 
model  labor  laws.  Washington  is  not  a  city  of 
very  large  industries,  but  still  it  has  some.  Wise 
labor  legislation  for  the  city  of  Washington 
would  be  a  good  thing  in  itself,  and  it  would  be 
a  far  better  thing,  because  a  standard  would 
thereby  be  set  for  the  country  as  a  whole. 

In  the  field  of  general  legislation  relating  to 
these  subjects  the  action  of  Congress  is  neces 
sarily  very  limited.  Still  there  are  certain  ways 
in  which  we  can  act.  Thus  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  has  recommended,  with  my  cordial  and 
hearty  approval,  the  enactment  of  a  strong  em- 
ployer's-liability  law  in  the  navy  yards  of  the 
Nation.  It  should  be  extended  to  similar 
branches  of  the  Government  work.  Again, 

123 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

sometimes  such  laws  can  be  enacted  as  an  inci 
dent  to  the  Nation's  control  over  interstate  com 
merce.  In  my  last  annual  message  to  Congress 
I  advocated  the  passage  of  a  law  in  reference 
to  car  couplings — to  strengthen  the  features  of 
the  one  already  on  the  statute-books  so  as  to 
minimize  the  exposure  to  death  and  maiming  of 
railway  employees.  Much  opposition  had  to  be 
overcome.  In  the  end  an  admirable  law  was 
passed  "to  promote  the  safety  of  employees  and 
travelers  upon  railroads  by  compelling  common 
carriers  engaged  in  interstate  commerce  to  equip 
their  cars  with  automatic  couplers  and  continu 
ous  brakes  and  their  locomotives  with  driving- 
wheel  brakes."  This  law  received  my  signature 
a  couple  of  days  before  Congress  adjourned. 
It  represents  a  real  and  substantial  advance  in 
an  admirable  kind  of  legislation. 


124 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    X.    Y. 


AT  DENVER,   COLORADO 

'Any  man  who  tries  to  excite  class  hatred,  sectional  hate,  hate  of  Creeds,  any 

kind  of  hatred,  in  our  community,  though  he  may  effect  to  do  it 

in  the  interest  of  the  class  he  is  addressing,  is 

that  class's  own  worst  enemy." 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

AT  DENVER, COLORADO 

Mrs.  Helen  M.  Caspar  on  behalf  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution 
presenting  President  Roosevelt  with  a  beautiful  Silk  Flag. 


CHAPTER  V. 

SIOUX  FALLS  TO  FARGO. 

Leaving  Sioux  Falls  at  9 130  a.  m.,  the  train 
reached  Yankton  at  1 1 130  a.  m.,  and  here  the 
President  made  a  brief  speech,  in  which  he  said : 

"You  need  wise  laws.  See  that  you  get  them. 
You  need  wise  and  firm  administration  of  laws ; 
see  that  you  have  that.  But  do  not  make  the 
mistake  of  shirking  fundamental  responsibil 
ities.  As  individuals,  be  strong,  honest  and 
fearless." 

In  traversing  the  state  the  President  made 
a  short  speech  at  every  stopping  point,  being 
accorded  a  cordial  welcome  at  all  points.  One 
feature  was  the  large  number  of  children  in  the 
audiences,  and  the  President  refered  to  them  sev 
eral  times,  saying  that  he  was  glad  to  see  that  the 
stock  was  not  dying  out.  At  Mitchell  he  dis 
cussed  the  work  of  individuals  and  the  important 
part  they  play  in  the  upbuilding  of  the  nation. 

127 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

The  train  reached  Fargo,  N.  D.,  via  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  early  on  the  morn 
ing  of  April  7,  and  at  8 130  the  reception  com 
mittee  waited  on  the  President  and  escorted  him 
to  the  business  portion  of  the  city.  Several  thou 
sand  children  greeted  him.  He  spoke  from  a 
stand  in  front  of  the  Waldorf  Hotel,  an  im 
mense  and  enthusiastic  body  of  citizens  being 
present.  His  speech  was  about  The  Philippine 
Islands  and  the  Army,  which  follows : 

ADDRESS    OF    PRESIDENT    ROOSEVELT    AT    FARGO, 
NORTH  DAKOTA,  APRIL  7,  1903 — THE  PHILIP 
PINE    ISLANDS     AND     THE    ARMY. 
My  Fellow-Citizens: 

The  Northwest,  whose  sons  in  the  Civil  War 
added  such  brilliant  pages  to  the  honor  roll  of 
the  Republic,  likewise  bore  a  full  share  in  the 
struggle  of  which  the  war  with  Spain  was  the 
beginning,  a  struggle  slight  indeed  when  com 
pared  with  the  gigantic  death  wrestle  which  for 
four  years  stamped  to  and  fro  across  the  South- 

128 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

ern  States  in  the  Civil  War;  but  a  struggle 
fraught  with  consequences  to  the  Nation,  and 
indeed  to  the  world,  out  of  all  proportion  to  the 
smallness  of  the  effort  upon  our  part. 

Three  and  a  half  years  ago  President  McKin- 
ley  spoke  in  the  adjoining  State  of  Minnesota 
on  the  occasion  of  the  return  of  the  Thirteenth 
Minnesota  Volunteers  from  the  Philippine 
Islands,  where  they  had  served  with  your  own 
gallant  sons  of  the  North  Dakota  regiment.  Af 
ter  heartily  thanking  the  returned  soldiers  for 
their  valor  and  patriotism,  and  their  contemp 
tuous  refusal  to  be  daunted  or  misled  by  the  out 
cry  raised  at  home  by  the  men  of  little  faith  who 
wished  us  to  abandon  the  islands,  he  spoke  of  the 
islands  themselves  as  follows : 

"That  Congress  will  provide  for  them  a  gov 
ernment  which  will  bring  them  blessings,  which 
will  promote  their  material  interests  as  well  as 
advance  their  people  in  the  path  of  civilization 
and  intelligence,  I  confidently  believe.  They 
will  not  be  governed  as  vassals  or  serfs  or  slaves. 

129 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

They  will  be  given  a  government  of  liberty,  reg 
ulated  by  law,  honestly  administered,  without 
oppressing  exactions,  taxation  without  tyranny, 
justice  without  bribe,  education  without  distinc 
tion  of  social  condition,  freedom  of  religious 
worship,  and  protection  in  life,  liberty,  and  the 
pursuit  of  happiness.' ' 

What  he  said  then  lay  in  the  realm  of  promise. 
Now  it  lies  in  the  realm  of  positive  performance. 

It  is  a  good  thing  to  look  back  upon  what  has 
been  said  and  compare  it  with  the  record  of 
what  has  actually  been  done.  If  promises  are 
violated,  if  plighted  word  is  not  kept,  then  those 
who  have  failed  in  their  duty  should  be  held 
up  to  reprobation.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
promises  have  been  substantially  made  good; 
if  the  achievement  has  kept  pace  and  more  than 
kept  pace  with  the  prophesy,  then  they  who 
made  the  one  and  are  responsible  for  the  other 
are  entitled  to  just  right  to  claim  the  credit 
which  attaches  to  those  who  serve  the  Nation 
well.  This  credit  I  claim  for  the  men  who 

130 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

have  managed  so  admirably  the  military  and  the 
civil  affairs  of  the  Philippine  Islands  and  for 
those  other  men  who  have  so  heartily  backed 
them  in  Congress,  and  without  whose  aid  and 
support  not  one  thing  could  have  been  accom 
plished. 

When  President  McKinley  spoke,  the  first 
duty  was  the  restoration  of  order;  and  to  this 
end  the  use  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States — 
an  Army  composed  of  regulars  and  volunteers 
alike — was  necessary.  To  put  down  the  insur 
rection  and  restore  peace  to  the  islands  was  a 
duty  not  only  to  ourselves  but  to  the  islanders 
also.  We  could  not  have  abandoned  the  con 
flict  without  shirking  this  duty,  without  proving 
ourselves  recreants  to  the  memory  of  our  fore 
fathers.  Moreover,  if  we  had  abandoned  it  we 
would  have  inflicted  upon  the  Filipinos  the 
most  cruel  wrong  and  would  have  doomed  them 
to  a  bloody  jumble  of  anarchy  and  tyranny.  It 
seems  strange,  looking  back,  that  any  of  our  peo 
ple  should  have  failed  to  recognize  a  duty  so 

131 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

obvious;  but  there  was  such  failure,  and  the 
Government  at  home,  the  civil  authorities  in  the 
Philippines,  and  above  all  our  gallant  Army, 
had  to  do  their  work  amid  a  storm  of  detraction. 
The  Army  in  especial  was  attacked  in  a  way 
which  finally  did  good,  for  in  the  end  it  aroused 
the  hearty  resentment  of  the  great  body  of  the 
American  people,  not  against  the  Army,  but 
against  the  Army's  traducers.  The  circum 
stances  of  the  war  made  it  one  of  peculiar  diffi 
culty,  and  our  soldiers  were  exposed  to  peculiar 
wrongs  from  their  foes.  They  fought  in  dense 
tropical  jungles  against  enemies  who  were  very 
treacherous  and  very  cruel,  not  only  toward  our 
own  men,  but  toward  the  great  numbers  of 
friendly  natives,  the  most  peaceable  and  most 
civilized  among  whom  eagerly  welcomed  our 
rule.  Under  such  circumstances,  among  a  hun 
dred  thousand  hot-blooded  and  powerful  young 
men  serving  in  small  detachments  on  the  other 
side  of  the  globe,  it  was  impossible  that  occa 
sional  instances  of  wrongdoing  should  not  oc- 

132 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

cur.  The  fact  that  they  occurred  in  retaliation 
for  well-nigh  intolerable  provocation  can  not 
for  one  moment  be  admitted  in  the  way  of  ex 
cuse  or  justification.  All  good  Americans  re 
gret  and  deplore  them,  and  the  War  Depart 
ment  has  taken  every  step  in  its  power  to  punish 
the  offenders  and  to  prevent  or  minimize  the 
chance  of  repetition  of  the  offense.  But  these 
offenses  were  the  exception  and  not  the  rule. 
As  a  whole  our  troops  showed  not  only  signal 
courage  and  efficiency,  but  great  humanity  and 
the  most  sincere  desire  to  promote  the  welfare 
and  liberties  of  the  islanders.  In  a  series  of  ex 
ceedingly  harassing  and  difficult  campaigns 
they  completely  overthrew  the  enemy,  reducing 
them  finally  to  a  condition  of  mere  brigandage; 
and  wherever  they  conquered,  they  conquered 
only  to  make  way  for  the  rule  of  the  civil  gov 
ernment,  for  the  introduction  of  law,  and  of  lib 
erty  under  the  law.  When,  by  last  July,  the  last 
vestige  of  organized  insurrection  had  disap 
peared,  peace  and  amnesty  were  proclaimed. 

133 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

As  rapidly  as  the  military  rule  was  extended 
over  the  islands  by  the  defeat  of  the  insurgents, 
just  so  rapidly  was  it  replaced  by  the  civil  gov 
ernment.  At  the  present  time  the  civil  gov 
ernment  is  supreme  and  the  army  in  the  Philip 
pines  has  been  reduced  until  it  is  sufficient 
merely  to  provide  against  the  recurrence  of  trou 
ble.  In  Governor  Taft  and  his  associates  we 
sent  to  the  Filipinos  as  upright,  as  conscientious, 
and  as  able  a  group  of  administrators  as  ever 
any  country  has  been  blessed  with  having.  With 
them  and  under  them  we  have  associated  the  best 
men  among  the  Filipinos,  so  that  the  great  ma 
jority  of  the  officials,  including  many  of  the 
highest  rank,  are  themselves  natives  of  the 
islands.  The  administration  is  incorruptibly 
honest;  justice  is  as  jealously  safeguarded  as  here 
at  home.  The  government  is  conducted  purely 
in  the  interests  of  the  people  of  the  islands ;  they 
are  protected  in  their  religious  and  civil  rights; 
they  have  been  given  an  excellent  and  well  ad 
ministered  school  system,  and  each  of  them  now 

134 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

enjoys  rights  to  "life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit 
of  happiness"  such  as  were  never  before  known 
in  all  the  history  of  the  islands. 

The  Congress  which  has  just  adjourned  has 
passed  legislation  of  high  importance  and  great 
wisdom  in  the  interests  of  the  Filipino  people. 
First  and  foremost,  they  conferred  upon  them 
by  law  the  present  admirable  civil  government; 
in  addition  they  gave  them  an  excellent  cur 
rency;  they  passed  a  measure  allowing  the  or 
ganization  of  a  native  constabulary;  and  they 
provided,  in  the  interests  of  the  islands,  for  a 
reduction  of  twenty-five  per  cent  in  the  tariff 
on  Filipino  articles  brought  to  this  country.  I 
asked  that  a  still  further  reduction  should  be 
made.  It  was  not  granted  by  the  last  Congress, 
but  I  think  that  in  some  shape  it  will  be  granted 
by  the  next.  And  even  without  it,  the  record 
of  legislation  in  the  interests  of  the  Filipinos  is 
one  with  which  we  have  a  right  to  feel  great 
satisfaction. 

Moreover,  Congress  appropriated  three  mil- 

135 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

lion  dollars,  following  the  precedent  it  set  when 
the  people  of  Porto  Rico  were  afflicted  by  sud 
den  disaster,  this  money  to  be  used  by  the  Phil 
ippine  government  in  order  to  meet  the  distress 
occasioned  primarily  by  the  terrible  cattle  dis 
ease  which  almost  annihilated  the  carabao  or 
water-buffalo,  the  chief  and  most  important 
domestic  animal  in  the  islands.  Coming  as  this 
disaster  did  upon  the  heels  of  the  havoc  wrought 
by  the  insurrectionary  war  great  suffering  has 
been  caused;  and  this  misery  for  which  this 
Government  is  in  no  way  responsible  will  doubt 
less  in  turn  increase  the  difficulties  of  the  Philip 
pine  government  for  the  next  year  or  so.  In 
consequence  there  will  doubtless  here  and  there 
occur  sporadic  increases  of  the  armed  brigand 
age  to  which  the  islands  have  been  habituated 
from  time  immemorial,  and  here  and  there  for 
their  own  purposes  the  bandits  may  choose  to 
style  themselves  patriots  or  insurrectionists;  but 
these  local  difficulties  will  be  of  little  conse 
quence  save  as  they  give  occasion  to  a  few  men 

136 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

here  at  home  again  to  try  to  mislead  our  people. 
Not  only  has  the  military  problem  in  the  Phil 
ippines  been  worked  out  quicker  and  better  than 
we  had  dared  expect,  but  the  progress  socially 
and  in  civil  government  has  likewise  exceeded 
our  fondest  hopes. 

Remember  always  that  in  the  Philippines  the 
American  Government  has  tried  and  is  trying 
to  carry  out  exactly  what  the  greatest  genius  and 
most  revered  patriot  ever  known  in  the  Philip 
pine  Islands — Jose  Rizal — steadfastly  advo 
cated.  This  man,  shortly  before  his  death,  in 
a  message  to  his  countrymen,  under  date  of  De 
cember  1 6,  1896,  condemned  unsparingly  the 
insurrection  of  Aguinaldo,  terminated  just  be 
fore  our  navy  appeared  upon  the  scene,  and 
pointed  out  the  path  his  people  should  follow 
to  liberty  and  enlightenment.  Speaking  of  the 
insurrection  and  of  the  pretense  that  Filipino 
independence  of  a  wholesome  character  could 
thereby  be  obtained,  he  wrote: 

"When,  in  spite  of  my  advice,  a  movement 

137 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

was  begun,  I  offered,  of  my  own  accord,  not  only 
my  services,  but  my  life  and  even  my  good  name 
to  be  used  in  any  way  they  might  believe  effect 
ive  in  stifling  the  rebellion.  I  thought  of  the 
disaster  which  would  follow  the  success  of  the 
revolution,  and  I  deemed  myself  fortunate  if  by 
any  sacrifice  I  could  block  the  progress  of  such 
a  useless  calamity. 

"My  countrymen,  I  have  given  proof-  that  I 
was  one  who  sought  liberty  for  our  country  and 
I  still  seek  it.  But  as  a  first  step  I  insisted  upon 
the  development  of  the  people  in  order  that,  by 
means  of  education  and  of  labor,  they  might  ac 
quire  the  proper  individual  character  and  force 
which  would  make  them  worthy  of  it.  In  my 
writings  I  have  commended  to  you  study  and 
civic  virtue,  without  which  our  redemption  does 
not  exist.  *  *  *  I  can  not  do  less  than  con 
demn,  and  I  do  condemn,  this  absurd  and  savage 
insurrection  planned  behind  my  back,  which  dis 
honors  us  before  the  Filipinos  and  discredits  us 
with  those  who  otherwise  would  argue  in  our 

138 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

behalf.  I  abominate  its  cruelties  and  disavow 
any  kind  of  connection  with  it,  regretting  with 
all  the  sorrow  of  my  soul  that  these  reckless  men 
have  allowed  themselves  to  be  deceived.  Let 
them  return,  then,  to  their  homes,  and  may  God 
pardon  those  who  have  acted  in  bad  faith." 

This  message  embodied  precisely  and  exactly 
the  avowed  policy  upon  which  the  American 
Government  has  acted  in  the  Philippines.  What 
the  patriot  Rizal  said  with  such  force  in  speak 
ing  of  the  insurrection  before  we  came  to  the 
islands  applies  with  tenfold  greater  force  to  those 
who  foolishly  or  wickedly  opposed  the  mild  and 
beneficent  government  we  were  instituting  in 
the  islands.  The  judgment  of  the  martyred  pub 
lic  servant,  Rizal,  whose  birthday  the  Philip 
pine  people  celebrate,  and  whom  they  wor 
ship  as  their  hero  and  ideal,  sets  forth  the  duty 
of  American  sovereignty;  a  duty  from  which 
the  American  people  will  never  flinch. 

While  we  have  been  doing  these  great  and 
beneficent  works  in  the  islands,  we  have  yet  been 

139 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

steadily  reducing  the  cost  at  which  they  are 
done.  The  last  Congress  repealed  the  law  for 
the  war  taxes,  and  the  War  Department  has  re 
duced  the  Army  from  the  maximum  number  of 
one  hundred  thousand  allowed  under  the  law  to 
very  nearly  the  minimum  of  sixty  thousand. 

Moreover,  the  last  Congress  enacted  some  ad 
mirable  legislation  affecting  the  Army,  passing 
first  of  all  the  militia  bill  and  then  the  bill  to 
create  a  general  staff.  The  militia  bill  represents 
the  realization  of  a  reform  which  had  been 
championed  ineffectively  by  Washington,  and 
had  been  fruitlessly  agitated  ever  since.  At  last 
we  have  taken  from  the  statute  books  the  obso 
lete  militia  law  of  the  Revolutionary  days  and 
have  provided  for  efficient  aid  to  the  national 
guard  of  the  States.  I  believe  that  no  other 
great  country  has  such  fine  natural  material  for 
volunteer  soldiers  as  we  have,  and  it  is  the  obvi 
ous  duty  of  the  Nation  and  of  the  States  to  make 
such  provision  as  will  enable  this  volunteer  sol 
diery  to  be  organized  with  all  possible  rapid- 

140 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

ity  and  efficiency  in  time  of  war;  and,  further 
more,  to  help  in  every  way  the  national  guard  in 
time  of  peace.  The  militia  law  enacted  by  the 
Congress  marks  the  first  long  step  ever  taken 
in  this  direction  by  the  National  Government. 
The  general-staff  law  is  of  immense  importance 
and  benefit  to  the  Regular  Army.  Individually, 
I  would  not  admit  that  the  American  regular, 
either  officer  or  enlisted  man,  is  inferior  to  any 
other  regular  soldier  in  the  world.  In  fact,  if 
it  were  worth  while  to  boast,  I  should  be  tempted 
to  say  that  he  was  the  best.  But  there  must  be 
proper  training,  proper  organization  and  ad 
ministration,  in  order  to  get  the  best  service  out 
of  even  the  best  troops.  This  is  particularly  the 
case  with  such  a  small  army  as  ours,  scattered 
over  so  vast  a  country.  We  do  not  need  a  large 
Regular  Army,  but  we  do  need  to  have  our  small 
Regular  Army  the  very  best  that  can  possibly  be 
produced.  Under  the  worn-out  and  ineffective 
organization  which  has  hitherto  existed,  a  sud 
den  strain  is  absolutely  certain  to  produce  the 

141 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

dislocation  and  confusion  we  saw  at  the  out 
break  of  the  war  with  Spain;  and  when  such  dis 
location  and  confusion  occurs  it  is  easy  and  nat 
ural,  but  entirely  improper,  to  blame  the  men 
who  happen  to  be  in  office,  instead  of  the  system 
which  is  really  responsible.  Under  the  law  just 
enacted  by  Congress  this  system  will  be  changed 
immensely  for  the  better,  and  every  patriotic 
American  ought  to  rejoice;  for  when  we  come 
to  the  Army  and  the  Navy  we  deal  with  the 
honor  and  interests  of  all  our  people;  and  when 
such  is  the  case  party  lines  are  as  nothing,  and 
we  all  stand  shoulder  to  shoulder  as  Americans, 
moved  only  by  pride  in  and  love  for  our  com 
mon  country. 


142 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y 

AT  SANTA  FE,  NEW  MEXICO 
President  Roosevelt  and  Governor  Otero. 


fcL*  ff& 


From  Stereograph,  copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

THE  PRESIDENT  IN  NEW  MEXICO 

At  Albuquerque,  President  Roosevelt  made  a  speech  dwelling  mostly  on  the 
importance  of  irrigation  in  the  development  of  the  state. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

FARGO  TO  ST.   LOUIS. 

The  train  left  Fargo  at  10  a.  m.,  and  during 
the  day  the  President  traveled  through  familiar 
country,  receiving  hearty  greetings  wherever  a 
stop  was  made.  At  many  places  he  recognized 
old  friends.  At  Jamestown  and  Bismarck  short 
speeches  were  made  on  the  Philippines,  the 
tariff  and  general  prosperity.  Stops  were  also 
made  at  Casselton,  Power,  Valley  City  and  Me- 
dora.  At  Bismarck  the  President  was  intro 
duced  to  a  number  of  Indian  chiefs,  some  of 
whom  had  fought  against  Custer.  They  pre 
sented  him  with  with  an  address  and  a  pipe  of 
peace.  At  Medora,  where  the  President  at  one 
time  owned  a  ranch  and  which  was  his  postoffice 
address  sixteen  years  ago,  when  he  was  sheriff 
of  Billings  County,  the  ranchmen  from  the  sur 
rounding  country  gave  him  a  truly  Western  re 
ception. 

145 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

The  entrance  to  Yellowstone  Park  was  reached 
at  12:30  p.  m.,  April  8,  the  President  being  met 
by  a  detachment  of  the  Third  Cavalry  and  a 
number  of  cowboys.  He  remained  in  the  Park 
until  the  afternoon  of  April  24. 

The  President's  camp  was  composed  of  two 
Sibley  tents  and  one  wall  tent  without  board 
floors,  and,  while  everything  was  very  simple,  it 
was  very  comfortable.  The  party  that  accom 
panied  him  consisted  of  Major  Pitcher,  Mr. 
John  Burroughs,  two  orderlies  and  two  cooks, 
with  a  small  force  of  men  to  look  after  the  pack 
wagon.  The  first  three  days  the  weather  was  ex 
tremely  cold.  Major  Pitcher  kept  a  diary,  and 
the  following  extracts  from  it  will  show  how 
the  President  spent  his  time. 

April  9.  Left  the  post  (Fort  Yellowstone)  at 
9  a.  m.,  and  arrived  at  the  camp  on  the  Yellow 
stone  River  about  1 130  p.  m.  At  night  a  large 
camp  fire  was  started  near  the  President's  tent 
and  after  dinner  the  party  sat  around  it  and  told 
hunting  stories  until  bedtime.  This  was  almost 
a  nightly  performance. 

146 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

April  10.  Before  starting  out,  the  President 
announced  that  he  would  under  no  circumstances 
fire  a  shot  in  the  park,  even  if  tempted  to  do  so 
by  a  mountain  lion  up  a  tree,  lest  he  should  give 
people  ground  for  criticism.  Rode  up  the  river 
as  far  as  Hell  Roaring.  Saw  a  number  of  deer 
and  elk  and  also  saw  an  eagle  attack  a  band  of 
elk.  Had  lunch  on  Hell  Roaring  Creek,  consist 
ing  of  hardtack  and  sardines. 

April  ii.  Rode  about  twenty- four  miles  and 
got  in  among  a  band  of  nearly  2,000  elk.  One 
band  followed  the  party  for  over  a  mile. 

April  12.  As  this  was  Sunday,  the  President 
decided  that  he  would  take  a  walk  alone.  He 
tramped  about  twenty  miles  and  spent  the  time 
among  the  elk. 

April  13.  Started  for  camp  on  Slew  Creek. 
Rode  slowly  and  watched  the  game.  Much 
snow  was  encountered,  and  Slew  Creek  was  en 
tirely  frozen  over,  so  could  do  no  fishing. 

April  14.  Out  looking  for  game.  Found 
large  herd  of  elk  and  the  President  took  Mr. 

147 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

Burroughs  among  them.  Arrived  Tower  Creek 
Falls  Camp,  4  p.  m. 

April  15.  President  took  long  walk  alone  and 
saw  some  mountain  sheep. 

April  16.  Broke  camp  at  Tower  Falls  and 
returned  to  Fort  Yellowstone.  Much  game  was 
encountered. 

April  17.  Left  Fort  Yellowstone  for  Norris 
Basin.  At  Modern  Gate  the  horses  were  aban 
doned  for  sleighs  and,  and  though  the  snow  was 
four  or  five  feet  deep,  the  trip  was  made  without 
trouble.  Stopped  for  the  night  at  Norris  Hotel. 

April  18.  Breakfast  at  6  o'clock  and  made  a 
start  for  the  fountain  twenty  miles  distant.  Ar 
rived  there  at  i  p.  m.  Snow  was  very  deep,  but 
hard  enough  to  bear  the  party.  President  spent 
afternoon  among  the  geysers. 

April  19.  Sunday.  Visited  Upper  Geyser 
basin  and  saw  Old  Faithful  play. 

April  20.    Rode  to  Norris. 

April  21.  Started  for  Canon  at  7  o'clock, 
a.  m.  Snow  very  deep  and  soft  in  places,  but  got 

148 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

through  with  little  difficulty.  Visited  Canon  on 
skis.  President  showed  skill  on  snow  shoes,  and 
Mr.  Burroughs  proved  himself  an  apt  scholar. 

April  22.  Breakfast  4  a.  m.  Left  at  5  a.  m., 
for  Fort  Yellowstone,  which  was  reached  at  i 
p.  m. 

The  22d  was  spent!  at  the  Mammoth  Hot 
Springs,  where  the  President  held  a  reception  to 
meet  the  people  living  in  Yellowstone  Park  and 
the  vicinity. 

He  left  the  Park  the  morning  of  the  24th, 
and,  at  Gardiner,  on  the  northern  border,  par 
ticipated  in  the  laying  of  the  cornerstone  of  the 
gate  at  the  entrance  to  the  park.  The  arch 
is  to  be  from  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  and  the 
gate  made  of  the  native  blocks  of  lava  taken  from 
the  mountains.  Special  trains  brought  hundreds 
of  people.  In  a  brief  address  the  President  said : 

"The  Yellowstone  Park  is  something  abso 
lutely  unique  in  this  world,  as  far  as  I  know. 
Nowhere  else  in  any  civilized  country  is  there 
to  be  found  such  a  tract  of  veritable  wonderland, 

149 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

made  accessible  to  all  visitors,  where,  at  the  same 
time,  not  only  the  scenery  of  the  wilderness,  but 
the  wild  creatures  of  the  park  are  scrupulously 
preserved  as  they  were,  the  only  change  being 
that  these  same  wild  creatures  have  been  so  care 
fully  protected  as  to  show  literally  astounding 
tameness.  The  creation  and  preservation  of  such 
a  natural  playground  in  the  midst  of  our  people, 
as  a  whole,  is  a  credit  to  the  nation,  but  above  all 
a  credit  to  Montana,  Wyoming  and  Idaho.  It 
has  been  preserved  with  wise  foresight.  The 
scheme  of  its  preservation  is  noteworthy  in  its 
essential  democracy.  This  park  was  created, 
and  is  now  administered,  for  the  benefit  and  en 
joyment  of  the  people.  The  government  must 
continue  to  appropriate  for  it,  and  especially  in 
the  direction  of  completing  and  perfecting  an 
excellent  system  of  driveways.  The  only  way 
that  the  people  as  a  whole  can  assure  to  them 
selves  and  their  children  the  enjoyment  in  per 
petuity  of  what  the  Yellowstone  Park  has  to 
give,  is  by  assuming  the  ownership  in  the  name 

150 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

of  the  nation  and  by  jealously  safeguarding  and 
preserving  the  scenery,  the  forests,  and  the 
creatures.  At  present  it  is  rather  singular  that 
a  greater  number  of  people  come  from  Europe 
than  from  our  own  eastern  states  to  see  it.  The 
people  near  by  seem  to  awake  to  its  beauties,  and 
I  hope  that  more  and  more  of  our  people  who 
dwell  far  off  will  appreciate  its  really  marvelous 
character. 

"The  preservation  of  the  forest  is,  of  course, 
the  matter  of  prime  importance  in  every  public 
preserve  of  this  character.  In  this  region  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  the  great  plains,  the 
problem  of  the  water  supply  is  the  most  impor 
tant  part  of  the  home-maker's  office.  Congress 
has  not  of  recent  years  done  anything  more  im 
portant  than  passing  the  Irrigation  Bill,  and 
nothing  more  essential  to  the  preservation  of  the 
water  supply  than  in  the  preservation  of  the  for 
ests.  Montana  has  in  its  water  power  a  source 
of  development  which  has  hardly  been  touched. 
This  water  power  will  be  seriously  impaired  if 

151 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE    PEOPLE 

ample  protection  is  not  given  to  the  forests. 
Therefore,  this  park,  like  the  forest  reserves 
generally,  is  of  the  utmost  advantage  to  the 
country  around,  from  the  mere  utilitarian  side. 
But  this  park  also,  because  of  its  peculiar  fea 
tures,  is  to  be  reserved  as  a  beautiful  play 
ground." 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  ceremonies,  the  Pres 
ident's  train  left  for  Livingstone,  where  a  short 
stop  was  made  and  an  immense  crowd  greeted 
him. 

The  25th,  the  President  completed  a  hard 
day  with  a  fifteen-minute  stop  at  Alliance,  Ne 
braska.  He  traveled  in  three  states  and  made 
a  number  of  addresses,  both  from  the  rear  plat 
form  of  his  car  and  from  stands  erected  for  the 
purpose.  The  most  unique  demonstration  was  a 
"cowboys'  show,"  at  Edgemont,  S.  D.  It  was 
arranged  by  the  Society  of  Black  Hills'  Pio 
neers,  and  consisted  of  exhibitions  of  cowboy 
riding.  Special  trains  brought  a  great  number 
of  people  from  the  surrounding  country,  and  all 

152 


From  Stereograph,  copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

AT  GRAND  CANYON,  ARIZONA 

President  Roosevelt  in  speaking  of  the  wonders  of  the  Canyon,  urged  tha 

people  of  Arizona  to  preserve  the  grandeur  and  sublimity 

of  this  masterpiece  of  nature. 


Copyright    by    T'nderwood    &    Underwood,     N.    Y. 

AT  FLAGSTAFF,  GRAND  CANYON,  ARIZONA 

"In  your  own  interest,  and  in  the  interest  of  all  the  Country  keep  this  wonder  of 
nature  (Grand  Canyon)  as  it  now  is.  ' 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,     X.     Y. 


ON   GLACIER  POINT,  YOSEM1TE  VALLEY 

'This  is  the  one  day  of  my  life,  and  one  that  I  will  always  remember  with 
pleasure." 


From  Stereograph,  copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

THE  PRESIDENT  AND  THE  ENGINEER 

President  Roosevelt  has  a  great  admiration  for  railroad  men.    During1  his  trips 

he  frequently  rides  in  the  engine  and  the  above  picture  shows  him 

about  to  steo  into  the  cab  at  Redlands.  California. 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

were  at  the  station  with  three  bands  of  music,  to 
greet  the  President.  As  the  train  drew  in,  the 
cowboys  yelled,  the  bands  played,  and  a  salute 
was  fired.  The  President  made  an  address,  in 
which  he  referred  to  the  work  accomplished  by 
the  early  pioneers. 

"Honor  to  all  good  citizens,"  he  said,  "but 
honor  most  of  all  to  the  men,  who,  first  in  the 
world,  marked  out  that  earliest  of  highways,  the 
spotted  line,  the  blazed  trail ;  the  men  who  first, 
on  horseback,,  steered  across  the  great,  lonely 
plains,  and  drove  their  cattle  up  to  feed  upon  the 
ranges  from  which  the  buffalo  had  not  yet  van 
ished.  The  pioneer  days  have  gone,  but  the  need 
of  the  old  pioneer  virtues  remain  the  same  as 
ever.  You  won,  and  you  could  only  win,  because 
you  had  in  you  the  stuff  out  of  which  strong  men 
are  made." 

At  the  end  of  the  exercises,  the  cowboys 
formed  an  escort  to  the  train,  and,  after  it  had 
started,  they  dashed  along  the  side  of  the  Presi 
dent's  car,  and  he  shook  hands  with  some  cf  them 
from  the  windows. 

157 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

At  Newcastle,  Wyo.,  where  a  half-hour's  stop 
was  made,  the  President  was  escorted  to  the 
speaker's  stand  along  a  pathway  strewn  with 
flowers  and  lined  on  one  side  by  school  children 
who  waved  miniature  flags.  In  his  speech  the 
President  referred  to  the  irrigation  law  passed 
at  the  last  session  of  Congress,  and  said  he  be 
lieved  much  good  would  come  from  it,  as  the 
government  would  be  able  to  try  experiments 
from  the  results  of  which  private  capital  may  be 
able  to  learn  much. 

Stops  were  also  made  at  Gilette  and  Moor- 
craft,  Wyoming,  Ardmore,  S.  D.,  and  Crawford, 
Neb.  At  the  last  named  place  the  President 
was  given  a  military  welcome  by  the  Tenth 
Cavalry,  mounted.  They  met  him  with  drawn 
sabres,  and  the  regimental  band  played  "Hail 
To  The  Chief." 

Sunday,  the  a6th,  was  quietly  spent  at  Grand 
Island,  Neb.  The  President  attended  St.,  Ste 
phen's  Episcopal  Church  in  the  morning,  and, 
in  the  afternoon  went  horseback  riding  with  Sen- 

158 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

ator  Dietrich,  visiting  Taylor's  sheep  ranch  and 
the  Soldiers7  Home,  where  he  was  greeted  by 
the  veterans. 

The  27th,  before  leaving  Grand  Island,  the 
President  broke  the  ground  on  which  the  new 
Carnegie  library  building  is  to  stand.  He  was 
joined  by  Governor  Mickey,  who,  with  United 
States  Senators  Dietrich  and  Millard,  accom 
panied  him  through  Nebraska.  Stops  were 
made  at  Hastings,  Lincoln,  Fremont,  and  a 
number  of  smaller  towns.  At  Hastings  the 
President  spoke  of  the  forestry  situation  in  the 
State,  saying  that,  as  the  people  were  protecting 
the  original  scanty  forest,  they  now  had  a  more 
and  better  natural  forest  than  ever  before.  But, 
he  said,  the  work  should  not  stop;  they  should 
continue  the  planting  of  trees.  During  a  short 
drive,  the  President  spoke  to  the  school  children 
from  his  carriage. 

The  arrival  in  Lincoln  was  announced  by  a 
chorus  of  factory  whistles.  At  the  signal,  all  the 
stores  in  town  were  closed  and  remained  locked 

159 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

up  until  after  the  departure  of  the  train.  The 
escort  included,  besides  survivors  of  the  Civil 
War,  the  First  Regiment,  N.  N.  G.,  and  cadet 
battalions  from  the  University  of  Nebraska  and 
the  Nebraska  Wesleyan  University.  All  the 
schools  and  colleges  in  the  city  were  closed.  The 
capitol  building,  from  the  dome  down,  was  a 
mass  of  red,  white  and  blue  bunting,  and  many 
business  houses  were  also  decorated.  During  his 
address,  the  President  said: 

"Capitalist  and  wage-worker  alike,  should 
honestly  endeavor  each  to  look  at  any  matter 
from  the  other's  standpoint,  with  a  freedom  on 
the  one  hand  from  the  contemptible  arrogance 
which  looks  down  upon  the  man  of  less  means, 
and  on  the  other,  from  the  no  less  contemptible 
envy,  jealousy  and  rancor  which  hates  another 
because  he  is  better  off.  Each  quality  is  the  com 
plement  of  the  other,  the  supplement  of  the  other, 
and,  in  point  of  baseness,  there  is  not  the  weight 
of  the  finger  to  choose  between  them. 

"Coming  through  the  State  today,  I  was  re- 

160 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

joiced  at  your  great  prosperity.  I  rejoice  in 
your  fertile  soil ;  I  rejoice  in  the  crops  you  raise, 
and,  after  all,  the  best  product  of  the  men  and 
women:  I  was  mighty  glad  to  see  your  chil 
dren  ;  they  seemed  to  be  all  right  in  quality  and 
quantity  (Laughter).  I  think  you  have  a  mighty 
good  stock.  I  want  to  see  it  go  on." 

Much  preparation  had  been  made  in  Omaha 
for  the  President's  coming,  and  50,000  people 
lined  the  streets  on  both  sides  for  a  mile  and  a 
half  along  the  route  of  the  carriage  drive.  The 
buildings  were  elaborately  decorated  with  bunt 
ing  and  flags.  A  reception  committee  met  the 
President  at  the  Union  Depot.  The  military  es 
cort  was  a  large  one.  The  drive  ended  at  the 
Omaha  Club,  where  a  banquet  was  given,  covers 
being  laid  for  ninety.  After  the  banquet,  the 
President  was  escorted  to  the  Coliseum,  where 
he  was  cheered  by  ten  thousand  people.  In  his 
speech,  the  President  said: 

"Any  man  who  tries  to  excite  class  hatred,  sec 
tional  hate,  hate  of  creeds,  any  kind  of  hatred, 

161 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

in  our  community,  though  he  may  affect  to  do  it 
in  the  interest  of  the  class  he  is  addressing,  is,  in 
the  long  run,  with  absolute  certainty,  that  class's 
own  worst  enemy.  In  the  long  run,  and  as  a 
whole,  we  are  going  to  go  up  or  down  together. 
Of  course,  there  will  be  individual  exceptions 
in  place,  but,  as  a  whole,  if  the  Commonwealth 
prospers,  some  measure  of  the  prosperity  comes 
to  all  of  us.  If  it  is  not  prosperity,  then  the  ad 
versity,  though  it  may  be  unequally  upon  us,  will 
weigh  more  or  less  upon  all.  It  lies  upon  our 
selves  to  determine  our  own  fate.  I  cannot  too 
often  say  that  the  wisest  law,  the  best  adminis 
tration  of  the  law,  can  do  nothing  more  than  give 
us  a  fair  field  in  which  to  work  out  that  fate 
aright.  If,  as  individuals,  or  as  a  community, 
we  mar  our  future  by  our  own  folly,  let  us  re 
member  that  it  is  upon  ourselves  that  the  respon 
sibility  must  rest. 

"The  able,  fearless,  unscrupulous  man,  who  is 
not  guided  by  the  moral  law,  is  a  curse  to  be 
hunted  down  like  the  civic  wild  beast,  and  his 

162 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

ability,  and  his  courage,  whether  in  business  or 
in  politics  or  anywhere  else,  only  serves  to  make 
him  more  dangerous  and  a  greater  curse.  We 
must  have  courage,  we  must  have  honesty,  but 
with  them  both,  and  guiding  them  both,  we  must 
have  the  saving  grace  of  common  sense."  (Ap 
plause.) 

The  train  left  Omaha  at  5  o'clock  the  morn 
ing  of  April  28,  and  the  day  was  spent  in  Iowa. 
The  President  was  everywhere  met  by  large  and 
enthusiastic  crowds.  His  speechmaking  began 
at  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  at  Shenandoah,  and 
his  last  speech  was  delivered  at  Ottumwa  at  8 
o'clock  at  night.  He  had  as  his  guests,  Governor 
Cummins  and  Secretary  Shaw,  and,  for  part  of 
the  day,  Congressmen  Hull  and  Hepburn. 

Brief  stops  were  made  at  Shenandoah,  Van 
Wert,  Clarinda,  Oceola,  Oscaloosa,  Sharpsburg, 
Ottumwa  and  Des  Moines,  at  each  of  which  the 
President  made  a  short  speech.  One  of  the  fea 
tures  of  the  day  was  the  large  number  of  school 
children  that  greeted  him.  At  many  places 

163 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

where  the  train  did  not  stop,  the  little  people 
were  congregated  on  the  station  platforms,  and 
waved  small  American  flags. 

At  Oscaloosa  the  new  Young  Men's  Chris 
tian  Association  building  was  dedicated  by  the 
President,  who  spoke  of  the  good  the  Associa 
tion  was  doing  and  of  the  necessity  of  and  de 
mands  for  moral  and  upright  young  men. 

One  of  the  largest  gatherings  which  welcomed 
the  President  since  the  trip  began  was  waiting 
for  him  at  Des  Moines.  He  was  taken  for  a  long 
drive  through  the  city,  stopping  for  a  moment 
to  address  the  Mystic  Shriners,  who  were  hold 
ing  a  convention.  During  the  drive  four 
mothers,  each  with  a  baby  in  her  arms,  ap 
proached  his  carriage  and  handed  him  bouquets 
of  flowers.  Then  they  held  up  the  babies  to  be 
kissed,  and  the  President  did  not  disappoint 
them.  At  the  capitol  he  made  an  extended  ad 
dress  on  "Good  Citizenship,"  incidentally  pay 
ing  a  tribute  to  Congressman  Hull  for  his  ef 
forts  in  securing  the  new  Militia  Law.  He  was 

164 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

IN  CALIFORNIA 

"A  Nation  cannot  be  great  without  paying  the  price  of  greatness  and  only  a 
craven  Nation  will  object  to  paying  the  price." 


i.v    rmlerwood    &    I'udorwood,    N.    Y. 

FEAST  OF  FLOWERS,  LOS  ANGELES,  CALIFORNIA 

A  beautiful  and  attractive   parade   expressing  the  floral   wealth  of  California 
reviewed  by  President  Roosevelt. 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

introduced  to  the  people  by  the  Hon.  Lafayette 
Young,  who  made  the  speech  at  the  Philadel 
phia  Convention  nominating  him  for  Vice  Pres 
ident. 

Keokuk,  la.,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Missis 
sippi,  was  reached  at  8 130  a.  m.,  the  29th.  Dur 
ing  the  drive  through  the  city,  the  main  street 
being  lavishly  decorated  with  flags  and  banners 
and  thronged  with  fully  30,000  people,  the  Pres 
ident's  carriage  stopped  at  the  monument  to  the 
Indian  Chief  Keokuk.  He  was  presented  with 
a  miniature  facsimile  of  the  first  American  flag, 
as  made  by  Betsy  Ross.  The  banner  was  of  silk 
with  thirteen  stars,  and  was  the  work  of  Mrs. 
Rachel  Albright,  of  Fort  Madison,  la.,  91  years 
old,  and  a  great-granddaughter  of  Betsy  Ross. 

A  stop  of  45  minutes  was  made  at  Quincy,  111., 
where  the  President  was  welcomed  by  a  large 
number  of  people  and  delivered  a  short  address 
on  the  question  of  currency.  He  said  in  part: 

"Our  currency  laws  have  been  recently  im 
proved  by  specific  declarations  intended  to  se- 

167 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

cure  permanency  in  values.  But  this  does  not 
imply  that  those  laws  may  not  be  still  further  im 
proved  and  strengthened.  It  is  well  nigh  uni 
versally  admitted  that  our  currency  system  is 
wanting  in  elasticity;  that  is,  the  volume  does 
not  respond  to  the  varying  needs  of  the  country 
as  a  whole  nor  to  the  varying  needs  of  different 
localities.  Our  people  scarcely  need  to  be  re 
minded  that  grain- raising  communities  require 
a  larger  volume  of  currency  at  harvest  time  than 
during  the  summer  months.  The  same  prin 
ciple  applies  to  every  industry,  to  every  commu 
nity.  Our  currency  laws  need  such  modifica 
tion  as  will  insure  the  parity  of  every  dollar 
coined  or  issued  by  the  government,  and  such  ex 
pansion  and  contraction  of  our  currency  as  will 
promptly  and  automatically  respond  to  the  vary 
ing  demands  of  commerce.  Permanent  in 
creases  would  be  dangerous,  permanent  con 
traction  ruinous;  but  the  needed  elasticity  must 
be  brought  about  by  provisions  which  will  per 
mit  both  contraction  and  expansion  as  the  vary- 

168 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

ing  needs  of  the  several  communities  and  busi 
ness  interests  may  require." 

The  train  stopped  at  Hannibal,  Louisiana  and 
Clarksville,  Mo.,  for  several  minutes,  and  the 
President  was  greeted  by  immense  numbers  of 
adults  and  school  children,  the  children  waving 
miniature  American  flags. 

St.  Louis  was  reached  at  4:28  in  the  afternoon, 
the  President  having  been  accompanied  from 
Keokuk  by  Governor  Dockery,  of  Missouri.  He 
was  welcomed  to  the  city  by  President  Francis, 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  Mayor 
Wells,  President  Carter,  of  the  National  Com 
mission,  and  a  reception  committee  made  up  of 
World's  Fair  officials  and  military  officers.  The 
President  was  escorted  by  military  companies  to 
Odeon  Hall,  where  the  National  Good  Roads 
Convention  was  in  session.  People  were  con 
gregated  along  the  streets  and  cheered  wildly  as 
he  passed.  In  his  speech  to  the  convention,  the 
President  said: 

"Roads  tell  the  greatness  of  a  nation.  The  in- 

169 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

fluence  of  the  nations  which  have  not  been  road 
builders  has  been  evenescent.  Rome,  the  most 
powerful  of  the  older  civilizations,  left  her  im 
press  on  literature  and  speech;  she  changed  the 
boundaries  of  nations,  but  plainer  than  anything 
else  left  to  remind  us  of  the  Roman  civilization 
are  the  Roman  roads.  Merely  from  historic 
analogy,  this  country,  which  we  believe  will 
reach  a  position  of  leadership  never  equaled, 
should  so  act  that  posterity  will  justly  say  when 
speaking  of  us,  That  nation  built  good  roads.'  " 

He  spoke  of  the  benefits  to  the  country  dis 
tricts  of  the  trolley  line,  the  telephone,  and  the 
rural  free  delivery,  closing  with  the  assertion 
that  good  roads  would  prove  the  greatest  benefit 
of  all. 

After  leaving  Odeon  Hall,  the  President  was 
driven  to  the  St.  Louis  University,  where  he  was 
received  by  Cardinal  Gibbons,  and  then  to  the 
home  of  Mr.  Francis,  whose  guest  he  was  while 
he  remained  in  the  city. 

April  30,  the  buildings  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 

170 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

chase  Exposition  were  formally  dedicated,  the 
ceremonies  taking  place  in  the  Liberal  Arts 
Building.  An  immense  parade  of  military  and 
civic  organizations  was  reviewed  by  the  Presi 
dent. 

The  programme  included  addresses  by  the 
President,  Ex-President  Grover  Cleveland,  the 
French  Ambassador,  the  Spanish  Ambassador 
and  others. 

The  President  discussed  the  Louisiana  Pur 
chase,  speaking  as  follows : 

ADDRESS  OF  PRESIDENT  ROOSEVELT  UPON  THE 
OCCASION   OF  THE  OPENING  OF  THE 
LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION, 
ST.  LOUIS,  APRIL  30,  1903. 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen: 

At  the  outset  of  my  address  let  me  recall  to  the 
minds  of  my  hearers  that  the  soil  upon  which 
we  stand,  before  it  was  ours,  was  successively 
the  possession  of  two  mighty  empires,  Spain  and 
France,  whose  sons  made  a  deathless  record  of 

171 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

heroism  in  the  early  annals  of  the  New  World. 
No  history  of  the  Western  country  can  be  writ 
ten  without  paying  heed  to  the  wonderful  part 
played  therein  in  the  early  days  by  the  soldiers, 
missionaries,  explorers,  and  traders,  who  did 
their  work  for  the  honor  of  the  proud  banners 
of  France  and  Castile.  While  the  settlers  of 
English-speaking  stock,  and  those  of  Dutch, 
German,  and  Scandinavian  origin  who  were  as 
sociated  with  them,  were  still  clinging  close  to 
the  Eastern  seaboard,  the  pioneers  of  Spain  and 
of  France  had  penetrated  deep  into  the  hitherto 
unknown  wilderness  of  the  West  and  had  wan 
dered  far  and  wide  within  the  boundaries  of 
what  is  now  our  mighty  country.  The  very 
cities  themselves — St.  Louis,  New  Orleans,  San 
ta  Fe,  New  Mexico — bear  witness  by  their  titles 
to  the  nationalities  of  their  founders.  It  was  not 
until  the  Revolution  had  begun  that  the  English- 
speaking  settlers  pushed  west  across  the  Alle- 
ghenies,  and  not  until  a  century  ago  that  they 
entered  in  to  possess  the  land  upon  which  we 
now  stand. 

172 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 


have  met  here  to-day  to  commemorate  the 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  event  which  more 
than  any  other,  after  the  foundation  of  the  gov 
ernment  and  always  excepting  its  preservation, 
determined  the  character  of  our  national  life  — 
determined  that  we  should  be  a  great  expanding 
nation  instead  of  relatively  a  small  and  station 
ary  one. 

Of  course  it  was  not  with  the  Louisiana  Pur 
chase  that  our  career  of  expansion  began.  In 
the  middle  of  the  Revolutionary  War  the  Illi 
nois  region,  including  the  present  States  of  Illi 
nois  and  Indiana,  was  added  to  our  domain  by 
force  of  arms,  as  a  sequel  to  the  adventurous  ex 
pedition  of  George  Rogers  Clark  and  his  fron 
tier  riflemen.  Later  the  treaties  of  Jay  and 
Pinckney  materially  extended  our  real  bounda 
ries  to  the  west.  But  none  of  these  events  was  of 
so  striking  a  character  as  to  fix  the  popular  im 
agination.  The  old  thirteen  colonies  had  always 
claimed  that  their  rights  stretched  westward  to 
the  Mississippi,  and  vague  and  unreal  though 

173 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

these  claims  were  until  made  good  by  conquest, 
settlement,  and  diplomacy,  they  still  served  to 
give  the  impression  that  the  earliest  westward 
movements  of  our  people  were  little  more  than 
the  filling  in  of  already  existing  national  boun 
daries. 

But  there  could  be  no  illusion  about  the  ac 
quisition  of  the  vast  territory  beyond  the  Missis 
sippi,  stretching  westward  to  the  Pacific,  which 
in  that  day  was  known  as  Louisiana.  This  im 
mense  region  was  admittedly  the  territory  of  a 
foreign  power,  of  a  European  kingdom.  None 
of  our  people  had  ever  laid  claim  to  a  foot  of  it. 
Its  acquisition  could  in  no  sense  be  treated  as 
rounding  out  any  existing  claims.  When  we  ac 
quired  it  we  made  evident  once  for  all  that  con 
sciously  and  of  set  purpose  we  had  embarked  on 
a  career  of  expansion,  that  we  had  taken  our 
place  among  those  daring  and  hardy  nations  who 
risk  much  with  the  hope  and  desire  of  winning 
high  position  among  the  great  powers  of  the 
earth.  As  is  so  often  the  case  in  nature,  the  law 

174 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

of  development  of  a  living  organism  showed 
itself  in  its  actual  workings  to  be  wiser  than  the 
wisdom  of  the  wisest. 

This  work  of  expansion  was  by  far  the  great 
est  work  of  our  people  during  the  years  that  in 
tervened  between  the  adoption  of  the  Constitu 
tion  and  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  There 
were  other  questions  of  real  moment  and  im 
portance,  and  there  were  many  which  at  the 
time  seemed  such  to  those  engaged  in  answering 
them;  but  the  greatest  feat  of  our  forefathers  of 
those  generations  was  the  deed  of  the  men  who, 
with  pack  train  or  wagon  train,  on  horseback,  on 
foot,  or  by  boat  upon  the  waters,  pushed  the 
frontier  ever  westward  across  the  continent. 

Never  before  had  the  world  seen  the  kind  of 
national  expansion  which  gave  our  people  all 
that  part  of  the  American  continent  lying  west 
of  the  thirteen  original  States ;  the  greatest  land 
mark  in  which1  was  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 
Our  triumph  in  this  process  of  expansion  was 
indissolubly  bound  up  with  the  success  of  our 

175 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

peculiar  kind  of  federal  government;  and  this 
success  has  been  so  complete  that  because  of  its 
very  completeness  we  now  sometimes  fail  to  ap 
preciate  not  only  the  all-importance  but  the  tre 
mendous  difficulty  of  the  problem  with  which 
our  Nation  was  originally  faced. 

When  our  forefathers  joined  to  call  into  being 
this  Nation,  they  undertook  a  task  for  which 
there  was  but  little  encouraging  precedent.  The 
development  of  civilization  from  the  earliest 
period  seemed  to  show  the  truth  of  two  propo 
sitions:  In  the  first  place,  it  had  always  proved 
exceedingly  difficult  to  secure  both  freedom 
and  strength  in  any  government;  and  in  the  sec 
ond  place,  it  had  always  proved  well-nigh  im 
possible  for  a  nation  to  expand  without  either 
breaking  up  or  becoming  a  centralized  tyranny. 
With  the  success  of  our  effort  to  combine  a  strong 
and  efficient  national  union,  able  to  put  down 
disorder  at  home  and  to  maintain  our  honor  and 
interest  abroad,  I  have  not  now  to  deal.  This 
success  was  signal  and  all-important,  but  it  was 

176 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

by  no  means  unprecedented  in  the  same  sense 
that  our  type  of  expansion  was  unprecedented. 
The  history  of  Rome  and  of  Greece  illustrates 
very  well  the  two  types  of  expansion  which  had 
taken  place  in  ancient  times,  and  which  had  been 
universally  accepted  as  the  only  possible  types 
up  to  the  period  when  as  a  nation  we  ourselves 
began  to  take  possession  of  this  continent.  The 
Grecian  states  performed  remarkable  feats  of 
colonization,  but  each  colony  as  soon  as  created 
became  entirely  independent  of  the  mother  state, 
and  in  after  years  was  almost  as  apt  to  prove  its 
enemy  as  its  friend.  Local  self-government,  lo 
cal  independence,  was  secured,  but  only  by  the 
absolute  sacrifice  of  anything  resembling  nation 
al  unity.  In  consequence,  the  Greek  world,  for 
all  its  wonderful  brilliancy  and  the  extraordi 
nary  artistic,  literary,  and  philosophical  devel 
opment  which  has  made  all  mankind  its  debtors 
for  the  ages,  was  yet  wholly  unable  to  withstand 
a  formidable  foreign  foe,  save  spasmodically. 
As  soon  as  powerful,  permanent  empires  arose 

177 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

on  its  outskirts,  the  Greek  states  in  the  neighbor 
hood  of  such?  empires  fell  under  their  sway. 
National  power  and  greatness  were  completely 
sacrificed  to  local  liberty. 

With  Rome  the  exact  opposite  occurred.  The 
imperial  city  rose  to  absolute  dominion  over  all 
the  peoples  of  Italy  and  then  expanded  her  rule 
over  the  entire  civilized  world  by  a  process 
which  kept  the  nation  strong  and  united,  but 
gave  no  room  whatever  for  local  liberty  and  self- 
government.  All  other  cities  and  countries 
were  subject  to  Rome.  In  consequence  this 
great  and  masterful  race  of  warriors,  rulers, 
road-builders,  and  administrators  stamped  their 
indelible  impress  upon  all  the  after  life  of  our 
race,  and  yet  let  an  over-centralization  eat  out 
the  vitals  of  their  empire  until  it  became  an 
empty  shell ;  so  that  when  the  barbarians  came 
they  destroyed  only  what  had  already  become 
worthless  to  the  world. 

The  underlying  viciousness  of  each  type  of 
expansion  was  plain  enough  and  the  remedy  now 

178 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

seems  simple  enough.  But  when  the  fathers  of 
the  Republic  first  formulated  the  Constitution 
under  which  we  live  this  remedy  was  untried 
and  no  one  could  foretell  how  it  would  work. 
They  themselves  began  the  experiment  almost 
immediately  by  adding  new  States  to  the  origi 
nal  Thirteen.  Excellent  people  in  the  East 
viewed  this  initial  expansion  of  the  country  with 
great  alarm.  Exactly  as  during  the  colonial  pe 
riod  many  good  people  in  the  mother-country 
thought  it  highly  important  that  settlers  should 
be  kept  out  of  the  Ohio  Valley  in  the  interest  of 
the  fur  companies,  so  after  we  had  become  a  Na 
tion  many  good  people  on  the  Atlantic  Coast  felt 
grave  apprehension  lest  they  might  somehow  be 
hurt  by  the  westward  growth  of  the  Nation. 
These  good  people  shook  their  heads  over  the 
formation  of  States  in  the  fertile  Ohio  Valley 
which  now  forms  part  of  the  heart  of  our  Na 
tion;  and  they  declared  that  the  destruction  of 
the  Republic  had  been  accomplished  when 
through  the  Louisiana  Purchase  we  acquired 

179 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

nearly  half  of  what  is  now  that  same  Republic's 
present  territory.  Nor  was  their  feeling  unnat 
ural.  Only  the  adventurous  and  the  far-seeing 
can  be  expected  heartily  to  welcome  the  proc 
ess  of  expansion,  for  the  nation  that  expands  is 
a  nation  which  is  entering  upon  a  great  career, 
and  with  greatness  there  must  of  necessity  come 
perils  which  daunt  all  save  the  most  stout 
hearted. 

We  expanded  by  carving  the  wilderness  into 
Territories  and  out  of  these  Territories  building 
new  States  when  once  they  have  received  as  per 
manent  settlers  a  sufficient  number  of  our  own 
people.  Being  a  practical  nation  we  have  never 
tried  to  force  on  any  section  of  our  new  territory 
an  unsuitable  form  of  government  merely  be 
cause  it  was  suitable  for  another  section  under 
different  conditions.  Of  the  territory  covered 
by  the  Louisiana  Purchase  a  portion  was  given 
statehood  within  a  few  years.  Another  portion 
has  not  been  admitted  to  statehood,  although 
doubtless  it  soon  will  be.  In  each  case  we 

180 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

showed  the  practical  governmental  genius  of  our 
race  by  devising  methods  suitable  to  meet  the 
actual  existing  needs ;  not  by  insisting  upon  the 
application  of  some  abstract  shibboleth  to  all  our 
new  possessions  alike,  no  matter  how  incongru 
ous  this  application  might  sometimes  be. 

Over  by  far  the  major  part  of  the  territory, 
however,  our  people  spread  in  such  numbers 
during  the  course  of  the  nineteenth  century  that 
we  were  able  to  build  up  State  after  State,  each 
with  exactly  the  same  complete  local  independ 
ence  in  all  matters  affecting  purely  its  own  do 
mestic  interests  as  in  any  of  the  original  thirteen 
States — each  owing  the  same  absolute  fealty  to 
the  Union  of  all  the  States  which  each  of  the 
original  thirteen  States  also  owes — and  finally 
each  having  the  same  proportional  right  to  its 
share  in  shaping  and  directing  the  common  pol 
icy  of  the  Union  which  is  possessed  by  any  other 
State,  whether  of  the  original  Thirteen  or  not. 

This  process  now  seems  to  us  part  of  the  nat 
ural  order  of  things,  but  it  was  wholly  unknown 

181 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

until  our  own  people  devised  it.  It  seems  to  us 
a  mere  matter  of  course,  a  matter  of  elementary 
right  and  justice,  that  in  the  deliberations  of  the 
national  representative  bodies  the  representa 
tives  of  a  State  which  came  into  the  Union  but 
yesterday  stand  on  a  footing  of  exact  and  entire 
equality  with  those  of  the  Commonwealths 
whose  sons  once  signed  the  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence.  But  this  way  of  looking  at  the  mat 
ter  is  purely  modern,  and  in  its  origin  purely 
American.  When  Washington  during  his  Pres 
idency  saw  new  States  come  into  the  Union  on  a 
footing  of  complete  equality  with  the  old,  every 
European  nation  which  had  colonies  still  admin 
istered  them  as  dependencies,  and  every  other 
mother-country  treated  the  colonist  not  as  a  self- 
governing  equal  but  as  a  subject. 

The  process  which  we  began  has  since  been 
followed  by  all  the  great  peoples  who  were  ca 
pable  both  of  expansion  and  of  self-government, 
and  now  the  world  accepts  it  as  the  natural  proc- 

.  182 


Copyright 


Underwood    &     Tndorwood,     N.     Y. 


AT  OLD  GATE— SANTA  BARBARA,  CALIFORNIA 

President  Roosevelt  visited  the  Franciscan  Fathers  in  this  Old  Mission  and  was 
keenly  interested  in  it. 


Copyright     l>y    T'nderxvnnd    &    I'ndenvood,    N.    Y. 
"I'SE  DOT  A  BOTAY  FOR  HIM" 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

ess,  as  the  rule;  but  a  century  and  a  quarter  ago 
it  was  not  merely  exceptional;  it  was  unknown. 
This,  then,  is  the  great  historic  significance  of 
the  movement  of  continental  expansion  in  which 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  was  the  most  striking 
single  achievement.  It  stands  out  in  marked  re 
lief  even  among  the  feats  of  a  nation  of  pioneers, 
a  nation  whose  people  have  from  the  beginning 
been  picked  out  by  a  process  of  natural  selection 
from  among  the  most  enterprising  individuals 
of  the  nations  of  western  Europe.  The  acqui 
sition  of  the  territory  is  a  credit  to  the  broad  and 
far-sighted  statesmanship  of  the  gieat  statesmen 
to  whom  it  was  immediately  due,  and  above  all 
to  the  aggressive  and  masterful  character  of  the 
hardy  pioneer  folk  to  whose  restless  energy  these 
statesmen  gave  expression  and  direction,  whom 
they  followed  rather  than  led.  The  history  of 
the  land  comprised  within  the  limits  of  the  Pur 
chase  is  an  epitome  of  the  entire  history  of  our 
people.  Within  these  limits  we  have  gradually 
built  up  State  after  State  until  now  they  many 

185 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

times  over  surpass  in  wealth,  in  population,  and 
in  man}r-sided  development,  the  original  thirteen 
States  as  they  were  when  their  delegates  met  in 
the  Continental  Congress.  The  people  of  these 
States  have  shown  themselves  mighty  in  war 
with  their  fellow-man,  and  mighty  in  strength 
to  tame  the  rugged  wilderness.  They  could  not 
thus  have  conquered  the  forest  and  the  prairie, 
the  mountain  and  the  desert,  had  they  not  pos 
sessed  the  great  fighting  virtues,  the  qualities 
which  enables  a  people  to  overcome  the  forces 
of  hostile  men  and  hostile  nature.  On  the  other 
hand,  they  could  not  have  used  aright  their  con 
quest  had  they  not  in  addition  possessed  the  qual 
ities  of  self-mastery  and  self-restraint,  the  power 
of  acting  in  combination  with  their  fellows,  the 
power  of  yielding  obedience  to  the  law  and  of 
building  up  an  orderly  civilization.  Courage 
and  hardihood  are  indespensable  virtues  in  a 
people;  but  the  people  which  possesses  no  others 
can  never  rise  high  in  the  scale  either  of  power 
or  of  culture.  Great  people  must  have  in  addi- 

186 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

tion  the  governmental  capacity  which  comes 
only  when  individuals  fully  recognize  their  du 
ties  to  one  another  and  to  the  whole  body  politic, 
and  are  able  to  join  together  in  feats  of  construc 
tive  statesmanship  and  of  honest  and  effective 
administration. 

The  old  pioneer  days  are  gone,  with  their 
roughness  and  their  hardship,  their  incredible 
toil  and  their  wild  half-savage  romance.  But 
the  need  for  the  pioneer  virtues  remains  the  same 
as  ever.  The  peculiar  frontier  conditions  have 
vanished;  but  the  manliness  and  stalwart  hardi 
hood  of  the  frontiersman  can  be  given  even  freer 
scope  under  the  conditions  surrounding  the  com 
plex  industrialism  of  the  present  day.  In  this 
great  region  acquired  for  our  people  under  the 
Presidency  of  Jefferson,  this  region  stretching 
from  the  Gulf  to  the  Canadian  border,  from  the 
Mississippi  to  the  Rockies,  the  material  and  so 
cial  progress  has  been  so  vast  that  alike  for  weal 
and  for  woe  its  people  now  share  the  opportuni 
ties  and  bear  the  burdens  common  to  the  entire 

187 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

civilized  world.  The  problems  before  us  are  fun 
damentally  the  same  east  and  west  of  the  Missis 
sippi,  in  the  new  States  and  in  the  old,  and  ex 
actly  the  same  qualities  are  required  for  their 
successful  solution. 

We  meet  here  to-day  to  commemorate  a  great 
event,  an  event  which  marks  an  era  in  states 
manship  no  less  than  in  pioneering.  It  is  fitting 
that  we  should  pay  our  homage  in  words ;  but  we 
must  in  honor  make  our  words  good  by  deeds. 
We  have  every  right  to  take  a  just  pride  in  the 
great  deeds  of  our  forefathers ;  but  we  show  our 
selves  unworthy  to  be  their  descendants  if  we 
make  what  they  did  an  excuse  for  our  lying,  su 
pine  instead  of  an  incentive  to  the  effort  to  show 
ourselves  by  our  acts  worthy  of  them.  In  the 
administration  of  city,  state,  and  nation,  in  the 
management  of  our  home  life  and  the  conduct 
of  our  business  and  social  relations  we  are  bound 
to  show  certain  high  and  fine  qualities  of  char 
acter  under  penalty  of  seeing  the  whole  heart  of 
our  civilization  eaten  out  while  the  body  still 
lives. 

188 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

We  justly  pride  ourselves  on  our  marvelous 
material  prosperity,  and  such  prosperity  must 
exist  in  order  to  establish  a  foundation  upon 
which  a  higher  life  can  be  built;  but  unless  we 
do  in  very  fact  build  this  higher  life  thereon,  the 
material  prosperity  itself  will  go  for  but  very 
little.  Now,  in  1903,  in  the  altered  conditions, 
we  must  meet  the  changed  and  changing  prob 
lems  with  the  spirit  shown  by  the  men  who  in 
1803  and  in  the  subsequent  years  gained,  ex 
plored,  conquered  and  settled  this  vast  territory, 
then  a  desert,  now  filled  with  thriving  and  pop 
ulous  States. 

The  old  days  were  great  because  the  men  who 
lived  in  them  had  mighty  qualities ;  and  we  must 
make  the  new  days  great  by  showing  these  same 
qualities.  We  must  insist  upon  courage  and  res 
olution,  upon  hardihood,  tenacity,  and  fertility 
in  resource;  we  must  insist  upon  the  strong  vir 
ile  virtues;  and  we  must  insist  no  less  upon  the 
virtues  of  self-restraint,  self-mastery,  regard  for 
the  rights  of  others;  we  must  show  our  abhor- 

189 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

rence  of  cruelty,  brutality,  and  corruption,  in 
public  and  in  private  life  alike.  If  we  come 
short  in  any  of  these  qualities  we  shall  measur 
ably  fail ;  and  if,  as  I  believe  we  surely  shall,  we 
develop  these  qualities  in  the  future  to  an  even 
greater  degree  than  in  the  past,  then  in  the  cen 
tury  now  beginning  we  shall  make  of  this  Re 
public  the  freest  and  most  orderly,  the  most  just 
and  most  mighty,  nation  which  has  ever  come 
forth  from  the  womb  of  time. 


190 


CHAPTER  VII. 

ST.  LOUIS  TO  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

During  the  evening  the  President  visited  the 
Music  Hall,  where  a  meeting  was  held  under 
the  auspices  of  the  General  Franz  Siegel  Monu 
ment  Association.  He  said  a  tew  words  to  ful 
ly  3,000  people  in  appreciation  of  General  Sie 
gel  and  the  cause  for  which  he  had  fought. 

The  President  reached  Kansas  City  at  9  a.  m., 
May  i,  and  spent  five  hours  in  the  city.  His  re 
ception  was  intensely  enthusiastic,  it  being  es 
timated  that  fully  100,000  people  were  in  the 
crowds.  The  schools  were  closed  and  business 
generally  suspended.  He  passed  first  through 
the  Pazo,  a  driveway  a  mile  in  length  and  lined 
by  20,000  school  children,  each  of  whom  waved 
a  small  American  flag.  The  convention  hall, 
where  the  President  made  a  speech,  was  beau 
tifully  decorated.  The  seating  capacity,  18,000, 
was  fully  occupied.  A  feature  was  the  greeting 

191 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

of  sixty  Harvard  graduates,  who  gave  the  uni 
versity  yell,  ending  with  the  word  "Roosevelt." 

Mayor  Reed  introduced  the  President,  who 
said:  "I  do  not  usually  say  anything  about  our 
being  a  reunited  country,  because  it  is  not  nec 
essary.  Of  course,  we  are  a  reunited  country, 
and  in  every  northern  audience,  whenever  I  see 
a  group  of  men  wearing  the  button  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  I  am  certain  to  find  a 
group  of  men  ready  to  cheer  every  allusion  to 
the  gallantry  of  the  men  who  wore  the  gray." 

He  discussed  the  question  of  good  citizenship, 
saying,  "In  our  complex  relation  of  employe  and 
employer,  of  one  class  with  another  class,  of  one 
section  with  another  section,  we  can  work  out  a 
really  successful  result  only  if  those  interested 
will  get  together  and  make  an  honest  effort  each 
to  understand  his  neighbor's  viewpoint,  and  then 
an  honest  effort  each,  while  working  for  his  own 
interests,  to  avoid  working  to  the  detriment  of 
his  neighbor." 

After  an  elaborate  luncheon  at  the  Baltimore 

192 


Copyright     by    rndcnvood    &    Tiidci-wood,     X.    Y. 

TWO  GIANTS 
Every  American  Citizen  is  proud  of  both- 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

IN  CALIFORNIA 
The  President  and  Party  before  the  "Grizzley  Giant"  Big  Tree  of  California. 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,     N.    Y. 


IN  CALIFORNIA 

Leaving   Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,    University   after  addressing  the  Faculty  and 
Students. 


From   Stereograph,   copyright   by   Underwootl  &   Underwood,    K.   Y. 

IN   SAN  FRANCISCO 
"Remember  that  the  shots  that  count  in  war  are  the  ones  that  hit." 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

Hotel,  where  he  was  presented  with  a  beauti 
fully  carved  silver  card  encased  in  sealskin  by 
the  Commercial  Club  of  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  the 
President  was  taken  in  charge  by  a  committee 
of  the  Mercantile  Club  of  Kansas  City,  Kas.  He 
was  presented  with  a  large  silk  sunflower  and 
accompanied,  by  President  Brown  of  the  Club, 
to  a  carriage  decorated  with  sunflowers  and 
flags.  A  company  of  the  4th  U.  S.  Cavalry  and 
a  squad  of  mounted  police  acted  as  an  escort  to 
the  state  line.  As  the  party  passed  beneath  the 
bluffs  overlooking  the  Union  Depot,  a  Presiden 
tial  salute  was  fired  from  cannon  placed  high 
above  the  procession.  The  arrival  at  the  state 
line  was  announced  by  a  steam  whistle,  which 
was  followed  by  the  blowing  of  every  whistle 
and  the  ringing  of  all  the  church  bells  in  the  twin 
cities.  After  a  brief  speech  from  a  platform  in 
the  open,  the  President  reviewed  8,000  school 
children,  who  waved  flags  and  cheered  him. 

There  were  also  demonstrations  at  the  Live 
Stock  Exchange  and  the  stock  yards  which  were 

197 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

visited,  and,  as  the  President  was  driven  through 
the  surburban  towns,  he  was  greeted  by  several 
thousand  more  school  children. 

At  the  Union  Pacific  station,  at  Armstrong, 
the  President  was  presented  by  the  students  of 
the  Kansas  City  University  with  a  gold  badge, 
set  with  pearls  and  diamonds,  and  designating 
him  as  an  honorary  member  of  the  University 
Library  Association. 

The  train  reached  Topeka  an  hour  late.  The 
President  went  at  once  to  the  site  of  the  new 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  building, 
where  he  made  a  short  address  and  then  laid  the 
cornerstone  with  a  silver  trowel,  presented  by 
General  Manager  Mudge  of  the  Santa  Fe  Rail 
road. 

In  his  address,  the  President  expressed  the 
hope  that  the  Association  would  continue  to  ac 
complish  good  work.  He  said  the  Railroad  Y. 
M.  C.  A.  was  one  of  the  most  potent  agencies  for 
good  in  the  country,  in  that  it  tended  to  make 
better  men  of  the  railroad  employes,  upon  whom 
so  much  depended. 

198 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

After  dinner  at  the  home  of  Governor  Bailey, 
the  President  went  to  the  Auditorium  and  made 
a  speech  to  the  delegates  to  the  convention  of 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  He  said  that  such  an  organ 
ization  as  this  developed  the  two  necessary 
qualities  of  work  and  brotherly  love.  "Nothing 
can  be  done  with  a  man  who  will  not  work.  We 
have  in  our  scheme  of  government  no  room  for 
the  man  who  does  not  wish  to  pay  his  way 
through  life  by  what  he  does.  Capacity  for 
work  is  absolutely  necessary,  and  no  man  can 
be  said  to  live  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word  if 
he  does  not  work.  If  a  man  is  utterly  disregard- 
ful  of  the  rights  of  others;  if  he  works  simply 
for  the  sake  of  ministering  to  his  own  base  pas 
sions;  if  he  works  simply  to  gratify  himself; 
small  is  his  good  in  the  community.  He  is  of  no 
real  use  unless,  together  with  the  quality  which 
enables  him  to  work,  he  has  the  quality  which 
enables  him  to  love  his  fellows,  to  work  with 
them  for  the  common  good  of  all." 

At  Junction  City,  Kas.,  on  May  23,  there  were 

199 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

12,000  people  and  four  troops  of  the  4th  U.  S. 
Cavalry  and  the  igth  and  2Oth  batteries  of  field 
artillery  from  Fort  Riley.  A  presidential  salute 
was  fired  on  the  arrival  of  the  train.  The  Presi 
dent  spoke  of  the  splendid  record  made  by  the 
Kansas  troops  in  the  Spanish  War  and  in  the 
Philippine  insurrection,  and  also  said: 

"Officers  and  enlisted  men  in  the  regular  army 
are  our  fellow  citizens,  who  have  volunteered  to 
wear  the  uniform,  which  is  the  badge  of  honor 
to  them  and  to  us,  and  no  body  of  men  in  all  the 
country  deserve  well  more  emphatically  of  the 
entire  country,  than  the  officers  and  enlisted  men 
of  the  Army  of  the  United  States.  They  have 
added  fresh  pages  to  the  honor  roll  of  the  Re 
public  by  what  they  have  done  in  the  Philip 
pines,  by  the  courage  and  soldier-like  efficiency 
which  they  have  shown,  and  by  the  extraord 
inary  moderation,  self-restraint  and  humanity 
with  which  they  have  carried  themselves  in  one 
of  the  most  difficult  and  one  of  the  most  righteous 

contests  ever  waged  by  any  civilized  nation." 

200 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

At  Chapman,  when  he  appeared  on  the  plat 
form  of  his  car,  an  admirer  presented  him  with 
a  football  which  had  seen  service. 

At  Abilene  there  was  a  handsome  arch,  and 
school-girls  threw  flowers  in  the  path  of  the 
President,  several  members  of  the  aoth  Kansas 
acted  as  a  guard,  and  a  cowboy  band  furnished 
the  music. 

At  least  8,000  people  were  at  the  depot  at 
Salina,  and,  surrounded  by  3,500  school  chil 
dren,  with  flags,  the  President  made  a  fifteen- 
minute  speech.  Secretary  Root,  who  had  joined 
the  President  at  St.  Louis,  bade  him  goodbye 
here  and  boarded  an  eastbound  train. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  scenes  occurred 
at  Victoria,  a  small  place  inhabited  mostly  by 
Russian-Germans,  who  still  retain  many  of 
their  old  customs.  Several  hundred  of  the  men, 
women  and  children  were  at  the  station,  the 
women  on  one  side  of  the  track,  the  men  on  the 
other.  The  children  were  with  their  mothers, 

and  when  the  President  appeared  on  the  plat- 

201 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

form  of  his  car,  they  sang  sweetly,  "Red, 
White  and  Blue."  Then  a  number  of  little 
girls  approached  the  car  and  handed  bouquets 
to  the  President,  who  thanked  the  people 
warmly  for  having  come  to  greet  him,  con 
gratulating  them  upon  what  they  had  done  on 
the  farms  and  in  business.  He  said  he  had  not 
enjoyed  any  meeting  more  than  this  one. 

Sunday,  May  3,  was  spent  at  Sharon  Springs, 
Kas.,  where  the  President  attended  the  Metho 
dist  church  and  listened  to  a  sermon  by  a  Presby 
terian  minister.  Two  little  girls  who  were 
standing  in  the  aisle  were  taken  into  the  pew 
by  the  President,  and,  during  the  singing,  the 
three  shared  the  same  hymn  book.  At  the  con 
clusion  of  the  service  he  shook  hands  with  a 
large  number  of  people.  In  the  afternoon,  the 
President  went  horseback  riding  with  Senators 
Burton  and  Long  and  President  Butler  of  Co 
lumbia  College.  An  admirer  presented  him 
with  a  two-weeks'  old  badger — a  very  friendly 

little  animal.     Senator  Warren,  of  Wyoming, 

202 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

and  Civil  Service  Commissioner  Folk  joined  the 
President  here. 

At  Hugo,  Col.,  the  morning  of  May  4,  the 
President  was  treated  to  a  cowboy's  breakfast. 
A  mess  tent  had  been  erected  at  the  side  of  the 
track,  and  when  the  train  arrived  breakfast  was 
ready.  It  was  partaken  of  standing,  and  then 
the  President  shook  hands  with  his  host.  The 
train  pulled  out  amidst  a  chorus  of  cowboy 
yells. 

The  President  was  the  guest  of  the  City  of 
Denver  for  two  hours  and  a  half.  It  seemed  as 
if  almost  the  entire  population  of  175,000  was 
massed  along  the  streets  during  the  drive  to  the 
State  Capitol  grounds.  The  schools  and  busi 
ness  houses  were  closed  and  many  of  the  stores 
and  residences  were  beautifully  decorated.  The 
Mayor  presented  the  President  with  a  neat 
morocco-bound  engrossed  program  of  his  tour 
through  the  city  and  a  magnificent  gold  badge, 
bearing  the  state  crest  and  an  appropriate  in 
scription.  Col.  Charles  L.  Cooper,  of  the 

203 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

Cavalry,  who  was  Mustering  Officer  of  the 
Rough  Riders,  handed  the  President  a  photo 
graph  of  his  command  taken  at  San  Antonio, 
Texas.  The  President,  who  was  prominent  in 
the  picture,  laughed  and  exclaimed:  "That, 
certainly,  is  all  right,  Colonel."  Mrs.  Helen 
M.  Caspar,  on  behalf  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution,  presented  him  with  a 
silk  flag,  beautifully  wrought.  "I  deeply  ap 
preciate  this  priceless  gift,"  he  said.  At  the 
Capitol,  the  President  spoke  briefly  of  the  irri 
gation  law  and  its  importance,  and  referred  at 
length  to  the  necessity  for  good  citizenship. 
There  followed  a  reception  in  the  Governor's 
office,  when  Governor  Peabody,  on  behalf  of  the 
Colorado  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commission 
ers,  presented  the  President  with  a  souvenir 
medal  made  of  solid  gold,  taken  from  a  Cripple 
Creek  mine,  and  accompanied  by  a  beautifully 
engrossed  presentation  certificate.  During  the 
drive  through  the  City  Park,  the  President  saw 
the  4oo-lb.  silver  bell,  to  be  presented  to  the 

204 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT,  LL.  D. 
Addressing  the  Students  of  the  University  of  California  at  Berkley 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,     N.    Y. 

LEAVING  THE  STATE  HOUSE,  SALEM,  OREGON 

With  the  Presidentare  Governor  Chamberlain,  George  C.  Brownell,  L.T.  Harris 
and  Mayor  C.  P.  Bishop- 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

cruiser  Denver,  a  miniature  of  the  bell,  cast 
from  the  same  metal,  being  presented  to  him. 

At  Colorado  Springs,  the  President  was  met 
by  Mayor  Harris  and  a  reception  committee  of 
200  citizens,  and  driven  through  a  long  line  of 
uniformed  men  extending  from  the  Rio  Grande 
station  to  the  Antlers  Hotel.  He  made  a  brief 
speech  upon  the  responsibilities  of  citizenship. 
He  was  then  presented  by  colored  citizens  with 
a  silver  medal  in  the  form  of  a  square  plate,  with 
the  inscription:  "To  the  President,  President 
of  the  people,  a  friend  to  the  friendless."  He 
thanked  the  committee  and  said:  "The  only 
thing  to  do  is  to  do  the  square  thing."  He  was 
given  a  ride  through  the  city,  escorted  by  former 
rough  riders  and  the  reception  committee.  He 
was  constantly  cheered  by  the  crowd.  On  the 
station  platform  he  met  a  number  of  former 
rough  riders  and  a  reunion  was  held.  Vice 
President  Paul  Morton,  of  the  Santa  Fe,  joined 
the  party  here. 

At  Pueblo  there  was  a  military  escort  and  a 

207 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

decorated  platform  surrounded  by  thousands  of 
people,  excursionists  having  come  long  dis 
tances.  The  President  spoke  for  fifteen  minutes, 
expressing  his  trust  in  the  ability  of  the  people 
of  the  Republic  to  overcome  the  difficulties  and 
problems  that  arise,  not  by  genius  or  brilliant 
gifts,  but  by  the  exercise  of  plain  and  practical 
common  sense  and  an  insistence  upon  genuine 
liberty  and  fair  play  for  each  individual. 

At  Trinidad,  where  the  train  arrived  shortly 
before  midnight,  there  were  fully  1,000  people 
at  the  depot.  Governor  Otero,  of  New  Mexico, 
met  the  President  at  Elmoro  to  escort  him 
through  the  territory. 

Over  three  hours  of  the  morning  of  May  5 
were  spent  at  Santa  Fe,  the  historic  buildings 
and  monuments  seeming  to  be  of  intense  inter 
est  to  the  President.  There  was  a  reception  at 
the  Capitol  and  a  drive  over  the  gayly  decorated 
streets,  thickly  lined  with  a  cheering  multitude. 
A  stop  was  made  at  San  Miguel  church,  said  to 
be  the  oldest  in  the  United  States,  where  a  son 

208 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

of  George  W.  Armijo,  a  sergeant  in  the  Rough 
Riders,  was  baptized  and  named  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  the  President  being  the  godfather. 
After  this  pleasing  incident,  the  President  spoke 
to  2,500  school  children,  including  350  in 
the  uniform  of  the  United  States  Indian  School; 
the  students  of  St.  Michael's  College,  of  Loretto 
Academy,  St.  Catharine's  Indian  and  the  Pres 
byterian  Mission  Schools.  At  Fort  Marcy, 
Mayor  Sparks  presented  him  with  an  illumi 
nated  volume  of  the  city's  history.  The  book  is 
in  a  cover  of  gold  filigree  work,  set  with  tur 
quoise.  Luncheon  was  served  at  the  residence 
of  Governor  Otero,  in  front  of  which  was  a 
triumphal  arch  on  which  stood  a  girl,  as  God 
dess  of  Liberty,  who  strewed  flowers  upon  the 
President  as  he  passed  beneath.  When  he  re- 
entered  his  carriage,  an  original  ode  was  sung 
by  the  school  children,  and  the  President  stood 
up  in  his  carriage  and  waved  his  hat.  A  large 
detail  of  Rough  Riders  in  uniform  served  as  a 
guard  of  honor  while  the  President  was  here, 

209 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

and  a  number  of  them  accompanied  him  to  Al 
buquerque. 

The  day  was  closed  at  Albuquerque — the 
most  picturesque  day  of  the  trip  thus  far.  The 
President  was  taken  to  a  stand  by  a  reception 
committee  and  spoke  a  few  minutes  to  5,000 
people.  Opposite  the  stand  was  a  tableau  repre 
senting  New  Mexico  appealing  for  admission 
to  the  Union — forty-five  little  girls  dressed  in 
white  representing  the  states,  while  another,  on 
the  outside  of  the  gate,  at  which  stood  Uncle 
Sam,  represented  New  Mexico.  The  President 
said  that  when  New  Mexico  had  a  little  more 
irrigation  there  would  be  nothing  the  matter 
with  the  little  girl  on  the  outside.  After  a  drive 
around  the  city,  a  reception  was  held  at  the 
Commercial  Club.  The  President  was  pre 
sented  with  a  Navajo  saddle  blanket,  in  which 
were  woven  in  white  letters  his  credentials  as 
an  honorary  member  of  the  club.  He  was 
greatly  pleased  with  the  gift.  Another  big  dele 
gation  of  members  of  his  Rough  Rider  regiment 

210 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

greeted  him,  and  he  referred  to  his  pleasure  in 
meeting  them  and  in  visiting  the  country  from 
which  the  greater  part  of  the  regiment  was  re 
cruited.  Governor  Brodie  of  Arizona,  met  the 
President  at  this  point.  May  6  was  spent  in 
Arizona,  Grand  Canon  being  reached  at  9  a.  m. 
A  special  from  Flagstaff  brought  a  large  crowd, 
and  people  also  came  from  the  surrounding 
country  on  horseback  and  in  wagons.  The 
President  was  on  the  go  all  day.  At  the  station 
he  greeted  a  number  of  members  of  his  old  regi 
ment.  He  then  took  a  twelve-mile  ride.  Re- 
% 

turning  to  the  hotel,  he  made  a  brief  speech  and 
presented  diplomas  to  the  graduates  of  the 
Flagstaff  school.  He  said  Arizona  was  one  of 
the  regions  for  which  he  anticipated  the  most 
benefit  from  the  passage  of  the  irrigation  law,  it 
being  of  greater  consequence  to  this  part  of  the 
country  in  the  next  fifty  years  than  any  other  ma- 
ferial  movement  wHatsover.  He  believed  the 
Gran3  Canon  was  absolutely  unparalleled 

tKrougKout  tHe  worfd.    "In  your  own  interest," 

211 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

he  said,  "and  in  the  interest  of  all  the  country, 
keep  this  wonder  of  nature  as  it  now  is.  I  hope 
you  won't  have  a  building  of  any  kind  to  mar  the 
wonderful  grandeur  and  sublimity  of  the  Canon. 
You  cannot  improve  it."  At  5 130  he  received  the 
members  of  his  old  regiment  in  his  car,  and  at  6 
o'clock  the  train  left  for  California. 

The  first  stop  in  California,  May  7,  was  at 
Victor,  where  the  President  extended  a  word 
of  greeting  to  the  people  assembled  at  the 
station. 

At  Redlands  he  was  formally  welcomed  to 
the  State  by  Governor  Pardee  and  a  commit 
tee  of  the  state  legislature.  In  front  of  the 
Hotel  Casaloma  was  packed  a  mass  of  humanity 
that  stretched  for  two  blocks  east  and  west.  On 
the  west  side  of  the  grounds  was  a  company  of 
California  National  Guards;  on  the  south  side, 
the  New  York  Society,  and  on  the  west  the 
Y,  M.  C.  A.  cadets  in  uniform.  There  was 
great  enthusiasm  when  the  President  appeared. 

He  was  taken  in  a  carriage  to  the  Calma  Hotel, 

212 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

thousands  of  people  lining  the  streets.  The 
President  spoke  to  1,500  school  children,  who 
waved  flags,  cheered  and  sang  the  national  airs. 
In  a  subsequent  address  to  the  crowd,  after  be 
ing  introduced  by  Governor  Pardee,  the  Presi 
dent  said: 

"All  this  valley  shows  what  can  be  accom 
plished  by  irrigation,  and  you  are  to  be  congrat 
ulated  that  the  setlers  had  the  foresight  to  take 
advantage  of  it.  The  irrigation  system  should 
be  extended  and  widened.  Forest  and  stream 
should  be  used  to  build  up  the  interests  of  the 
home-maker,  for  he  is  the  man  we  want  to  en 
courage  in  every  possible  way.  I  think  our  citi 
zens  are  realizing  more  and  more  that  we  want 
to  perpetuate  the  things  of  both  use  and  beauty. 
Beauty  surely  has  its  place,  and  you  want  to 
make  this  State  more  than  it  even  now  is — the 
garden  spot  of  the  Continent. 

"The  sight  of  these  children  convinces  me  of 
the  truth  of  a  statement  made  by  Governor  Par- 
dee,  when  he  said  that  in  California  there  is  no 
danger  of  race  suicide. 

213 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

"You  have  done  well  in  raising  oranges,  and 
I  believe  you  have  done  better  in  raising  chil 
dren." 

After  luncheon  the  President  was  driven  over 
the  city.  Flowers  were  in  profusion  everywhere 
and  the  President  (it  was  his  first  trip  to  Cali 
fornia)  expressed  his  great  admiration. 

A  short  stop  was  made  at  San  Bernardino, 
and  Riverside  was  reached  at  6  o'clock.  A 
warm  welcome  awaited  him,  the  city  being 
beautifully  decorated  and  brilliantly  illumina 
ted  with  thousands  of  colored  electric  lights.  In 
the  evening  the  President  spoke  from  a  stand, 
the  rough  exterior  of  which  was  entirely  con 
cealed  by  flowers.  The  train  left  Riverside  at 
an  early  hour  the  morning  of  May  8,  hundreds 
of  people  turning  out  to  bid  the  President 
Goodbye. 

A  half-hour's  stop  was  made  at  Claremont, 
where  the  President  spoke  to  the  students  of 
Pomona  College,  the  President  of  which,  John 
D.  Gates,  was  an  old-time  friend  of  his. 

214 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

'There  is  not  much  need  of  educating  the 
body,"  he  said,  'if  one  pursues  certain  occupa 
tions,  but  the  minute  you  come  to  the  people 
who  pursue  a  sendentary  life,  there  is  great  need 
for  educating  the  body.  All  must  recognize 
that  if  we  think  of  it.  The  man  that  is  the  ideal 
citizen,  is  the  man  who,  in  the  event  of  trial,  in 
the  event  of  a  call  from  his  country,  can  respond 
to  that  call.  When  the  call  comes,  you  need  not 
only  fiery  enthusiasm,  but  you  need  the  body 
containing  that  fiery  enthusiasm  to  be  sufficiently 
hardy  to  bear  it  up. 

"Every  college  should  aid,  from  its  intellec 
tual  side,  from  the  intellectual  standpoint,  to 
add  to  the  sum  of  productive  scholarship  of  the 
nation.  You  should  turn  your  attention  to  the 
thing  that  you  find  naturally  at  hand,  or  to 
which  your  mind  naturally  turns,  and  try,  in 
dealing  with  that,  to  deal  in  so  fresh  a  way  that 
the  net  income  shall  be  an  addition  to  the 
world's  stock  of  wisdom  and  knowledge.  Every 

215 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

college  should  strive  to  develop  among  its  stu 
dents  the  capacity  to  do  good  original  work." 

The  train  ran  through  the  picturesque  San 
Gabriel  Valley,  to  Pasadena,  where  it  remained 
two  hours.  The  business  houses  and  residences 
along  the  route  over  which  the  President  was 
driven  displayed  American  flags  and  bunting. 
As  the  President  passed  the  Elks'  lodge  building, 
Congressman  MacLachlin  presented  him  with  a 
gold  key,  a  facsimile  of  the  one  which  opens  the 
Elks'  lodge  room.  At  the  Wilson  High  School 
the  President  passed  under  a  floral  archway 
which  extended  for  two  blocks.  The  front  of 
the  archway  was  a  solid  mass  of  flowers  from 
base  to  top,  and  festoons  of  vari-colored  roses 
were  draped  across  from  curb  to  curb.  Baskets 
of  flowers  on  simlax-twined  polls  extended  from 
the  high  school  building,  and  solid  banks  of 
roses  covered  the  walls  of  the  facade  from  base 
to  cupola.  Directly  in  front  of  the  stand,  from 
which  the  President  made  a  brief  address,  there 
were  2,500  school  children,  each  one  carrying  a 

216 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

long,  light  pole  with  the  national  colors  waving 
from  the  top  and  palms  and  wreathes  of  flowers 
from  the  center.  After  the  address,  the  Presi 
dent  was  driven  through  the  city,  a  brief  stop 
being  made  at  the  home  of  Mrs.  Garfield,  the 
widow  of  the  late  President.  From  the  top  of 
Raymond  Hill  the  President  had  a  splendid  view 
of  the  fertile  San  Gabriel  Valley.  When  the 
train  pulled  in  at  La  Grand  station,  Los  Angeles, 
thousands  of  people  blocked  the  streets  on  every 
side.  Former  members  of  the  rough  riders'  regi 
ment,  a  detachment  of  Troop  D.,  C.  N.  G.,  and 
"Teddy's  Terrors,"  a  political  club  of  Los 
Angeles  busines  men,  wearing  the  rough  rider 
uniform,  formed  on  either  side  of  the  platform 
and  kept  the  crowd  back.  The  President  was 
driven  directly  to  the  Westminster  Hotel,  where 
luncheon  was  served.  The  people  along  the 
route  continuously  cheered  him. 

The  annual  fiesta  de  las  flores,  the  chief  feature 
of  which  was  the  elaborate  floral  parade,  was 
arranged  this  year  to  coincide  with  the  visit  of 

217 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

the  President.  Unusual  efforts  had  been  made 
by  the  fiesta  commitee  to  make  this  feature  of 
the  celebration  particularly  attractive,  a  sort  of 
expression  of  the  floral  wealth  of  California. 
The  parade  occurred  in  the  afternoon  and  was 
reviewed  by  the  President.  Returning  to  the 
hotel,  he  dined  with  a  large  delegation  of  State 
officials  and  invited  guests.  In  the  evening,  he 
reviewed  the  electrical  parade,  which  was  the 
closing  feature  of  the  day. 

The  train  left  Los  Angeles  at  5  a.  m.,  May  9, 
the  first  stopping  place  being  Ventura.  The  en 
trance  to  the  city  being  through  a  magnificent 
floral  arch,  the  gates  of  which  were  swung  wide 
by  members  of  the  board  of  town  trustees  and 
the  board  of  supervisors.  The  route  along  the 
main  streets  was  lined  with  several  thousand 
people,  who  accorded  the  President  an  enthu 
siastic  ovation.  A  stop  was  made  before  the 
Column  of  Pioneers,  of  which  body  the  Presi 
dent  was  elected  an  honorary  member,  being 
decorated  with  the  badge  of  the  association.  At 

218 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

the  Old  Mission  the  President  climbed  to  the 
belfry  and  listened  to  the  wooden  bells  that  have 
chimed  for  over  a  century.  He  also  visited  the 
Bard  Memorial  Hospital  and  made  a  speech 
from  a  platform  in  front  of  the  Plaza  School. 
Here  he  got  his  first  glimpse  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Santa  Barbara  was  reached  at  11  o'clock. 
Carriages  awaited  the  President  at  Montecito 
and  he  was  escorted  to  the  city  by  a  large  delega 
tion  of  citizens,  mounted  police  and  Forest 
Rangers.  On  the  way  he  was  taken  over  drives 
in  one  of  the  most  beautiful  suburbs  and  over  a 
portion  of  the  Mountain  Boulevard  which  com 
mands  a  view  of  the  city,  sea  and  Channel 
Islands.  He  addressed  about  15,000  people  on 
the  Plaza  del  Mar,  and  witnessed  a  parade.  The 
President  then  visited  the  points  of  historical  in 
terest.  He  spent  considerable  time  at  the  Old 
Mission  as  the  guest  of  the  Franciscan  Fathers, 
and  saw  the  sacred  burying  grounds,  where 
hundreds  of  old  Padres  have  been  buried  dur- 

219 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

ing  the  past  century  and  which  no  woman  has 
ever  been  permitted  to  enter. 

A  stop  was  made  at  San  Luis  Obispo,  where 
a  great  crowd  welcomed  the  President. 

Sunday,  May  10,  was  spent  at  Del  Monte. 
The  President  rode  on  horseback  over  a  seven 
teen-mile  drive  along  the  sea  in  the  morning, 
and  in  the  afternoon  attended  services  at  St. 
John's  Chapel.  After  dinner  a  reception  was 
held  in  the  parlors  of  the  Hotel  Del  Monte,  the 
President  shaking  hands  with  the  guests  and  the 
officers  stationed  at  Fort  Monterey. 

The  morning  of  May  1 1,  a  detachment  of  the 
Fifteenth  Infantry  accompanied  the  President 
to  his  train. 

At  Pajaro,  during  a  lo-minute  stop,  the  Presi 
dent  said  in  a  speech:  "It  seems  to  me  every 
good  American  that  can  should  visit  the  Pacific 
slope,  to  realize  where  so  much  of  our  country's 
greatness  in  the  future  will  lie.  I  did  not  need 
to  come  out  here  in  order  to  believe  in  you  and 

your  work.    I  know  you  well,  and  believe  in  you 

220 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

with  all  my  heart,  but  it  has  done  me  good  to  be 
in  touch  with  you.  The  thing  that  has  impressed 
me  most  in  coming  from  the  Atlantic  across  to 
the  Pacific,  is  that  good  Americans  are  good 
Americans  in  every  part  of  this  country." 

At  Watsonville,  in  response  to  the  demands  of 
the  people  assembled  at  the  depot,  the  President 
said: 

"I  did  not  come  here  to  teach;  I  come  to 
learn.  It  has  done  me  good  to  be  in  your  State 
and  to  meet  your  people.  Until  last  week,  I  had 
never  been  in  California,  and  I  go  back  an  even 
better  American  than  I  came,  and  I  think  I 
came  out  a  fairly  good  one.  Things  that  are 
truisms,  that  you  expect  as  a  simple  part  of  the 
natural  order  of  events,  need  to  be  impressed 
upon  our  people  as  a  whole.  We  need  to  under 
stand  the  commanding  position  that  will  be  oc 
cupied  in  the  future  by  our  nation  on  the  Pacific. 
This,  the  greatest  of  all  the  oceans,  is  one  which 
during  the  century  opening,  must  pass  under 

American  influence,  and,  as  inevitably  happens 

221 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

when  a  great  effort  comes,  it  means  that  a  great 
burden  of  responsibility  accompanies  that  ef 
fort.  A  nation  cannot  be  great  without  paying 
the  price  of  greatness,  and  only  a  craven  nation 
will  object  to  paying  the  price.  I  believe  in  you, 
my  countrymen;  I  believe  in  our  people,  and, 
therefore,  I  believe  that  they  will  dare  to  be 
great.  Therefore,  I  believe  they  will  hail  the 
chance  this  century  brings  as  one  which  it  should 
rejoice  a  mighty  and  masterful  people  to  have. 
And  we  can  face  the  future  with  the  assurance 
of  confidence  of  success  if  only  we  face  it  in  the 
spirit  in  which  our  fathers  faced  the  problems 
of  the  past." 

The  next  stop  was  at  Santa  Cruz.  After  a 
drive  on  Beach  Hill,  where  the  President  had  a 
good  view  of  the  bay  and  the  city,  he  was  driven 
along  Pacific  Avenue,  where  there  was  an  im 
mense  throng  and  many  school  children,  who 
waved  flags  and  scattered  flowers  in  the  road 
way.  The  courthouse  was  a  mass  of  national 

colors.     In  the  crowd  were  many  members  of 

222 


From  Stereograph,  copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

THE  RECEPTION  AT  PORTLAND 

An  immense  crowd  greeted  the  President  at  Portland,  Oregon.     The  above 
picture  shows  him  reviewing  the  parade. 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    TTndor\vood,    N.    Y. 

AT  PORTLAND,  OREGON 
President  Roosevelt  reviewing  the  Parade  from  a  carriage  banked  with  roses 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

the  G.  A.  R.  and  representatives  of  the  pioneers 
and  naval  militia.  Mayor  Clark  introduced  the 
President,  who  was  warmly  received. 

"I  wish  to  say  a  word,"  he  said,  "especially  to 
the  men  of  the  Grand  Army  and  the  representa 
tives  of  the  pioneers — to  the  men  who  proved 
their  loyalty  in  the  supreme  test  of  '61  to  '65, 
and  to  the  pioneers  who  showed  their  patriotism 
in  winning  the  golden  west  for  their  country.  It 
is  a  pleasure  for  me  to  see  men  of  the  naval 
militia.  If  there  is  one  thing  this  country  is 
alive  to,  it  is  our  navy.  We  must  believe  in  a 
first-class  navy.  We  already  have  a  good  navy, 
but  we  must  have  a  better  one.  We  cannot  afford 
to  neglect  our  navy.  We  must  build  it  up;  we 
must  have  the  best  fighting  ships  and  the  best 
of  men  to  man  them." 

A  brief  visit  was  made  to  the  grove  of  red 
wood  trees  at  Felton.  The  President  expressed 
his  disapproval  of  placing  personal  and  business 
cards  on  the  trees,  and,  in  a  speech,  said  he 
hoped  the  people  of  California  would  see  to 

225 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

it  that  such  vandalism  was  stopped.  The  cards 
were  torn  down.  A  huge  tree  was  named  after 
the  President,  he  stipulating  that  the  card  neces 
sary  to  be  placed  upon  it  should  not  be  more 
than  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter. 

During  luncheon  the  President  was  informed 
fehat  the  Spanish  beans  served  were  raised  by 
Mrs.  J.  M.  Gesetterest,  the  mother  of  34  chil 
dren.  He  laughed  heartily,  saying,  "She  should 
be  the  president  of  some  association, — I  don't 
know  what."  The  Pioneers'  Society  presented 
him  with  a  silver  plate  and  he  also  received 
pictures  of  the  big  trees. 

San  Jose  was  reached  in  the  afternoon,  the 
President  receiving  an  ovation.  He  was  shown 
the  most  famous  orchards  and  vineyards  of  this 
section  of  the  State,  and  warmly  expressed  his 
appreciation  of  the  Santa  Clara  Valley.  He 
visited  the  old  Jesuit  College  at  Santa  Clara, 
and  at  Campbell  addressed  a  large  number  of 
fruitgrowers  and  farmers,  and  planted  a  tree. 
The  school  children  were  reviewed  in  front  of 

226 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

the  McKinley  Monument  in  St.  James  Square. 
The  evening  was  spent  quietly  in  his  car. 

The  train  left  San  Jose  at  8 130  a.  m.,  May  12, 
and  a  half-hour's  ride  brought  it  to  Palo  Alto, 
the  site  of  the  Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  University. 
The  President  was  driven  up  a  palm  lined 
avenue  to  the  university  quadrangle,  where  he 
was  greeted  by  President  Star  Jordan,  the 
faculty  and  assembled  students,  to  whom  he  de 
livered  a  brief  address.  He  said  President 
Jordan  was  an  old  and  valued  friend  whose  ad 
vice  he  has  often  sought  since  he  became  Presi 
dent  of  the  United  States.  He  devoted  some 
time  to  the  benefits  of  education  if  properly  ap 
plied  in  after  life,  and  ended  his  speech  with  a 
plea  for  the  preservation  of  the  forests,  advocat 
ing  a  revision  of  the  land  laws  which  would  cut 
out  the  provision  that  tends  to  the  acquisition  of 
large  tracts  of  land  for  speculative  purposes,  or 
the  leasing  to  others. 

"We  want  good  land  laws,"  he  said.  "We 
want  to  see  the  farmer  own  his  own  home;  want 

227 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

to  see  the  land  saved  to  the  home  builder.  The 
best  trained,  best  educated  men  on  the  Pacific 
Slope,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  Great 
Plains  States,  will  take  the  lead  in  the  preserva 
tion  and  securing  the  right  use  of  the  waters, 
and  seeing  to  it  that  our  land  policy  is  not  twisted 
from  its  original  purpose,  but  is  perpetuated  in 
the  line  of  the  purpose  to  turn  the  public  domain 
into  farms,  each  to  be  the  property  of  the  man 
who  actually  tills  it  and  makes  his  home  upon  it." 

After  an  inspection  of  the  campus  and  build 
ings,  including  the  beautiful  Stanford  Memorial 
church,  which  the  President  declared  was  one 
of  the  most  artistic  religious  edifices  in  the 
world,  he  was  escorted  to  his  car  by  the  faculty 
and  students. 

San  Francisco  was  reached  at  2:15  p.  m.  A 
large  gathering  of  federal,  state  and  city  officials, 
army  and  navy  officers,  foreign  consuls,  and  dis 
tinguished  citizens  were  waiting  at  the  station 
to  welcome  him.  Mr.  M.  H.  de  Young  spoke 
on  behalf  of  the  Citizens'  Reception  Committee. 

228 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

The  President  expressed  his  thanks,  and  was  then 
introduced  to  Admiral  Bickford,  of  the  Pacific 
British  Squadron,  who  conveyed  the  good  wishes 
of  King  Edward,  and  said  the  arrival  of  the 
flagship  of  the  squadron  to  assist  in  the  greeting 
was  another  instance  of  the  cordial  relations  ex 
isting  between  the  two  nations.  The  President 
said  he  appreciated  the  evidence  of  friendship, 
and  begged  that  his  good  wishes  be  given  to  His 
Majesty. 

Before  entering  his  carriage,  the  President 
stepped  up  to  the  locomotive  and  warmly  shook 
hands  with  Engineer  McGrail  and  Fireman 
Everly,  who  had  safely  piloted  him  from  the 
south. 

The  line  of  parade  was  headed  by  a  troop  of 
colored  cavalry.  Following  the  President  were 
United  States  troops  from  the  local  posts,  sailors 
and  marines  from  the  warships  in  the  harbor  and 
at  Mare  Island,  regiments  of  the  state  militia 
and  a  number  of  semi-military  organizations. 


229 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

The  Cleveland  Grays  came  from  Ohio  to  par 
ticipate  in  the  California  welcome. 

After  reviewing  the  parade,  the  President  was 
driven  to  the  Y.  M.  C.,  A.  building,  where  a 
throng  had  gathered  to  participate  in  the  burn 
ing  of  mortgages  and  notes  representing  the  total 
indebtedness  of  $115,280  upon  the  property. 
The  President,  by  request,  touched  a  lighted 
match  to  the  documents,  and,  as  the  flames  licked 
up  the  papers,  he  joined  the  assemblage  in  sing 
ing  "Praise  God  From  Whom  All  Blessings 
Flow." 

The  President  addressed  the  Y.  M.  C.  A., 
saying. 

"It  would  be  hard  to  overestimate  the  amount 
of  good  work  done  by  the  Young  Mens'  Chris 
tian  Association  and  the  Young  Women's  Chris 
tian  Association.  This  association  represents  the 
efforts  to  provide  for  the  body  as  well  as  for 
the  mind,  to  help  young  men  to  educate  them 
selves,  to  train  themselves  for  the  practical  life 
as  well  as  for  the  higher  life,  and  to  give  them 

230 


ROOSEVELT   A1N1ONG    THE    PEOPLE 

amusement  and  relaxation  that  will  educate  and 
not  debase  them. 

"In  other  words,  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  in  all  its 
branches,  is  working  for  civic  and  social  right 
eousness,  for  decency,  for  good  citizenship. 
There  is  no  patent  recipe  for  getting  good 
citizenship.  You  get  it  by  applying  the  old 
rules  of  decent  conduct,  the  rules  in  accordance 
with  which  decent  men  have  had  to  shape  their 
lives  from  t?he  beginning.  A  good  citizen,  a  man 
who  stands  as  he  should  stand,  with  his  relations 
to  the  state,  to  the  nation,  must  first  of  all  be  a 
good  member  of  his  own  family,  a  good  father 
or  son,  brother  or  husband;  a  man  who  does 
right  the  thing  that  is  nearest*;  the  man  who 
is  a  good  neighbor  (and  I  use  'neighbor' 
broadly)  who  handles  himself  as  his  self-respect 
should  aid  him  to  handle  himself,  in  his  rela 
tions  to  the  community  at  large,  in  his  relations 
with  those  whom  he  employs,  or  by  whom  he  is 
employed,  with  those  with  whom  he  comes  in 
contact  in  any  form  or  business  relation  of  in  any 

231 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

other  way.  If  there  is  one  lesson  which  I  think 
each  of  us  learns  as  he  grows  older,  it  is  that  it 
is  not  what  the  man  works  at,  providing,  of 
course,  it  is  respectable  and  honorable  in  char 
acter,  that  fixes  his  place;  it  is  the  way  he  works 
at  it. 

"If  we  are  sincere  in  our  professions  of  ad 
herence  to  the  principles  laid  down  by  the 
founder  of  Christianity;  if  we  are  sincere  in  our 
professions  of  adherence  to  the  immutable  laws 
of  righteousness,  we  will  honor  in  others  and 
ourselves  the  power  of  each  to  do  decently  and 
well  the  work  allotted  to  him,  and  ask  nothing 
further  than  that.  If  we  can  get  ourselves  and 
the  community  at  large  really  imbued  with  that 
spirit,  nine-tenths  of  the  difficulties  that  beset  us 
will  vanish." 


232 


Copyright    by    Fmlerwood    &    Untlorwood,    N.    Y. 
CROWD  AT  SEATTLE,  WASHINGTON 


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~  5 

•°'  x 

«  M 

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2     S 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

AT  HELENA,   MONTANA 
An  immense  crowd  lined  the  streets  from  the  station  to  the  Capital. 


Cupyn.iMit     li.v     rndcrwncHl    &     rmlorwnnil,     N.    Y. 
CROWDS  AT  HELENA,  MONTANA 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

SAN   FRANCISCO  TO  WASHINGTON. 

A  banquet  was  given  to  the  President  at  the 
Palace  Hotel  in  the  evening  by  the  Citizens' 
Committee,  M.  H.  de  Young  presiding.  On  his 
right  was  the  President,  Governor  Pardee,  Ad 
miral  Bickford,  Doctor  Rixey,  Admiral  Kempff 
and  Doctor  Butler;  and  on  his  left,  Secretary 
Moody,  Mayor  Schmitz,  Senator  Perkins,  Gen 
eral  MacArthur  and  Doctor  Wheeler.  One  of 
the  features  of  the  decorations  was  an  immense 
garland  of  California  fruits,  swung  on  the  south 
wall  of  the  room.  Stretching  from  one  end  of 
the  hall  to  the  other  were  electric  lights,  spell 
ing  "Land  of  Sunshine,  Fruit  and  Flowers  Wel 
comes  President  Roosevelt."  The  President  in 
his  address  said: 

"I  rejoice  with  you  in  the  prosperity  of 
California,  and  that  prosperity  is  but  part  of  the 
prosperity  of  the  whole  union.  Speaking 
broadly,  prosperity  must  of  necessity  come  to  all 

237 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

of  us  or  to  none  of  us.  This  Golden  State  has 
a  future  of  even  brighter  promise  than  most  of 
her  older  sisters;  and  yet  the  future  is  bright  for 
all  of  us. 

"California,  still  in  her  youth,  can  look  for 
ward  to  such  growth  as  only  a  few  of  her  sister 
states  may  share.  Yet  there  are  immense  pos 
sibilities  of  growth  for  all  our  states.  In  this 
growth,  in  keeping  and  increasing  our  pros 
perity,  the  most  important  factor  must  be  the 
character  of  our  citizenship.  Nothing  can  take 
the  place  of  the  average  quality  of  energy,  thrift, 
business  enterprise  and  amity  in  our  community 
as  a  whole.  Unless  the  average  individual  in 
our  nation  has  to  a  high  degree  the  qualities  that 
command  success,  we  cannot  expect  to  deserve 
it,  or  to  keep  what  it  brings;  and  our  future  is, 
in  my  opinion,  well  assured  from  the  very  fact 
that  there  is  very  high  quality  in  the  character 
of  the  average  American  citizen.  But,  in  addi 
tion,  we  must  have  wise  legislation  and  upright 
and  honest  enforcement  of  the  laws. 

238 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

"We  have  attained  our  present  position  of 
economic  well-being  and  of  leadership  in  the  in 
ternational  business  world  under  a  tariff  policy 
in  which  I  think  our  people,  as  a  whole,  have 
acquiesced  as  essentially  wise  alike  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  manufacturer,  the  merchant, 
the  farmer  and  the  wage-worker.  Doubtless, 
as  our  needs  shift,  it  will  be  necessary  to  reapply 
in  its  details  this  system  so  as  to  meet  these  shift 
ing  needs;  but  it  would  certainly  seem,  from  the 
standpoint  of  our  business  interests,  most  unwise 
to  abandon  the  general  policy  of  the  system 
under  which  our  success  has  been  so  signal. 

"In  financial  matters,  we  are  to  be  congratu 
lated  upon  having  definitely  determined  that 
our  currency  system  should  rest  upon  a  gold 
basis,  for  to  follow  any  other  course  would  have 
meant  disaster  so  widespread  that  it  would  be 
difficult  to  over  estimate  it. 

"There  is,  however,  unquestionably,  need  of 
enacting  further  financial  legislation  so  as  to  pro 
vide  for  greater  elasticity  in  our  currency  system. 

239 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

At  present  there  are  certain  seasons  during 
which  the  rigidity  of  our  currency  system  causes 
a  stringency  which  is  unfortunate  in  its  effects. 
So,  in  my  judgment,  the  Congress  that  is  to  as 
semble  next  fall  should  take  up  and  dispose  of 
the  pressing  questions  relating  to  banking  and 
currency.  I  believe  that  such  action  will  be 
taken  and  I  am  sure  that  it  ought  to  be  taken." 
The  morning  of  May  13,  the  President  was 
escorted  by  a  squadron  of  cavalry  through  streets 
lined  with  people  to  Native  Sons'  Hall,  where 
a  reception  was  held.  The  hall  was  packed  with 
members  of  the  California  Society  of  Pioneers, 
the  Native  Sons  of  the  Golden  West,  the  Native 
Daughters  and  Veterans  of  the  Mexican  War. 
Addresses  of  welcome  were  made  by  Ex-Mayor 
Phelan,  Henry  B.  Russ,  General  Stewart,  H.  R. 
McNoble  and  Miss  Eliza  R.  Heath,  and  the 
President  was  presented  with  a  souvenir  of  the 
occasion,  representing  a  bear  hunt,  reproduced 
in  gold.  The  President  responded  in  a  happy 
manner. 

240 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

The  President  next  proceeded  to  Van  Ness 
Avenue,  where  thousands  of  school  children  had 
assembled,  many  of  them  carrying  beautiful  silk 
banners  and  all  of  them  having  flags,  which  were 
waved  as  the  President  passed.  After  the  re 
view  of  the  children  he  drove  through  the 
Preside,  and  thence  to  the  golf  links,  where  there 
was  a  military  review,  General  MacArthur  be 
ing  in  command  of  the  troops. 

After  a  drive  through  Golden  Gate  park, 
luncheon  was  taken  at  the  Cliff  House,  with  the 
members  of  the  Executive  Committee,  Governor 
Pardee,  Admiral  Bickford  and  other  invited 
guests. 

On  the  return  trip,  a  large  crowd  witnessed 
the  President  turn  the  first  shovelful  of  earth  for 
the  McKinley  Monument.  The  shovel  was  a 
souvenir  one,  made  from  the  material  of  which 
the  monument  will  be  composed,  and  it  was  pre 
sented  to  the  President.  In  a  brief  address  he 
said: 

"It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  no  man  since 

241 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

Lincoln  was  as  widely,  universally  loved  in  this 
country  as  was  President  McKinley,  for  it  was 
given  to  him,  not  only  to  rise  to  the  most  exalted 
station,  but  to  typify  in  his  character  and  con 
duct  those  virtues  which  every  American  citizen 
worthy  of  the  name  liked  to  regard  as  typically 
American — the  virtues  of  cleanly  and  upright 
living,  in  all  relations,  private  and  public,  in 
the  most  intimate  family  relations,  in  the  rela 
tions  of  business,  in  the  relations  with  his  neigh 
bors,  and  finally  in  his  conduct  of  the  great 
affairs  of  state." 

In  the  evening  the  President  spoke  at  the  Me 
chanics'  Pavilion,  his  subject  being  "Expansion 
and  Trade  Development  and  Protection  of  the 
Country's  Newly  Acquired  Possessions  in  the 
Pacific."  He  said: 

"Before  I  saw  the  Pacific  Slope,  I  was  an  ex 
pansionist,  and  after  having  seen  it  I  fail  to  un 
derstand  how  any  man  confident  of  his  country's 
greatness  and  glad  that  his  country  should  chal 
lenge  with  proud  confidence  our  mighty  future 

242 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

can  be  anything  but  an  expansionist.  In  the  cen 
tury  that  is  opening,  the  commerce  and  the  prog 
ress  of  the  Pacific  will  be  features  of  incalculable 
moment  in  the  history  of  the  world.  Now,  in  our 
day,  the  greatest  of  all  oceans,  of  all  seas,  and  the 
last  to  be  used  on  a  large  scale  by  civilized  man, 
bids  fair  to  become  in  its  turn  the  first  in  point  of 
importance.  Our  mighty  republic  has  stretched 
across  the  Pacific  and  now  in  California,  Oregon 
and  Washington,  in  Alaska  and  Hawaii  and  the 
Philippines  holds  an  extent  of  coast  line  which 
makes  it  of  necessity  a  power  of  the  first  class  in 
the  Pacific.  The  extension  in  the  area  of  our 
domain  has  been  immense,  the  extension  in  the 
area  of  our  influence  even  greater. 

"America's  geographical  position  on  the  Pa 
cific  is  such  as  to  insure  our  peaceful  domination 
of  its  waters  in  the  future,  if  only  we  grasp  with 
sufficient  resolution  the  advantages  of  this  posi 
tion.  We  are  taking  long  strides  in  this  direc 
tion  :  witness  the  cables  we  are  laying  down  and 
the  great  steamship  lines  we  are  starting — steam- 

243 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

ship  lines,  some  of  whose  vessels  are  larger  than 
any  freight  carriers  the  word  has  yet  seen.  We 
have  taken  the  first  steps  toward  digging  an  isth 
mian  canal,  to  be  under  our  control — a  canal 
which  will  make  our  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coast 
lines  to  all  intent  and  purpose  continuous,  and 
will  add  immensely  alike  to  our  commercial  and 
our  military  and  naval  strength. 

"The  inevitable  march  of  events  gave  us  con 
trol  of  the  Philippines  at  a  time  so  opportune  that 
it  may  without  irreverance  be  held  providential. 
Unless  we  show  ourselves  weak,  unless  we  show 
ourselves  degenerate  sons  of  the  sires  from  whose 
loins  we  sprang,  we  must  go  on  with  the  work 
that  we  have  begun.  I  earnestly  hope  that  this 
work  will  always  be  peaceful  in  character. 

"We  infinitely  desire  peace,  and  the  surest  way 
to  obtain  it  is  to  show  that  we  are  not  afraid  of 
war.  We  should  deal  in  a  spirit  of  fairness  and 
justice  with  all  weaker  nations;  we  should  show 
to  the  strongest  that  we  are  able  to  maintain  our 
rights.  Such  showing  cannot  be  made  by  bluster, 

244 


Slit    by    T'ndorwnod 
IN  IDAHO 


Underwood.    N.    Y. 


We  must  handle  the  water,  the  wood,  the  grasses,  so  that  we  will  hand  them 

on  to  our  children,  and  children's  children,  in  better  and 

not  worse  shape  than  we  got  them." 


Copyright     by 


rndonvood.     N.    Y. 


INDIANS  RACING  THE  PRESIDENT'S   SPECIAL 

Blackfoot  Indians  met  the  President's  Train  several  miles  out  of  Pocatello,  Idaho 
and  raced  alongside  into  that  town. 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

for  bluster  merely  invites  contempt.  Let  u$ 
speak  courteously,  deal  fairly  and  keep  ourselves 
armed  and  ready.  If  we  do  these  things,  we  can 
count  on  the  peace  that  comes  to  the  just  man 
armed,  to  the  just  man  who  neither  fears  nor  in 
flicts  wrong. 

"We  must  keep  on  building  and  maintaining 
a  thoroughly  efficient  navy  with  plenty  of  the  best 
and  most  formidable  ships,  with  an  ample  supply 
of  officers  and  of  men,  and  with  these  officers  and 
men  trained  in  the  most  thorough  way  to  the  best 
possible  performance  of  their  duty.  Only  thus 
can  we  assure  our  position  in  the  world  at  large, 
and,  in  particular,  our  position  here  on  the  Pa 
cific. 

"It  behooves  all  men  of  lofty  soul,  who  are 
proud  to  belong  to  a  mighty  nation,  to  see  to  it 
that  we  fit  ourselves  to  take  and  keep  a  great  po 
sition  in  the  world,  for  our  proper  place  is  with 
the  expanding  nations  and  the  nations  that  dare 
to  be  great,  that  accept  with  confidence  a  place  of 
leadership  in  the  world.  All  our  people  should 

247 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

take  this  position,  but  especially  should  you  of 
California,  for  much  of  our  expansion  must  go 
through  the  Golden  Gate,  and  the  states  of  the 
Pacific  Slope  must  inevitably  be  those  which 
would  most  be  benefited  by  and  take  the  lead  in 
the  growth  of  American  influence  along  the 
coasts  and  islands  of  that  mighty  ocean,  where 
east  and  west  finally  become  one.  My  country 
men,  I  believe  in  you  with  all  my  heart,  and  I  am 
proud  that  it  has  been  granted  to  me  to  be  a  citi 
zen  of  a  nation  of  such  glorious  opportunities 
and  with  the  wisdom,  the  hardihood  and  the 
courage  to  rise  to  the  levels  of  its  opportunities." 
The  morning  of  May  14,  the  President  partici 
pated  in  the  dedication  of  the  monument  com 
memorative  of  the  victory  of  Commodore 
Dewey  and  his  fleet  in  Manila  Bay.  In  an  ad 
dress  he  said  San  Francisco  should  glory  in  com 
memorating  the  navy's  victory  at  Manila,  as  it 
had  opened  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  American  com 
merce,  and  more  than  any  other  event  contribu 
ted  to  give  the  United  States  a  high  place  among 

248 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

the  naval  powers.  He  dwelt  on  the  necessity  of 
preparing  ships,  armament,  and  men  for  the 
navy.  Naval  battles  are  fought  in  advance,  and 
the  Americans  won  at  Manila  because  they  had 
made  ready  to  strike  the  blow.  The  necessity  of 
improving  the  navy  was  first  made  apparent  in 
1882,  and  all  of  the  warships  the  navy  now  has 
were  built  since  that  time.  Since  the  last  war, 
the  naval  strength  of  the  United  States  has  rapid 
ly  been  increasing,  and  under  the  wise  provisions 
of  the  last  Congress  has  particularly  advanced. 
He  urged  practical  work  at  sea,  especially  in 
marksmanship,  saying:  "Remember  that  the 
shots  that  count  in  war  are  the  ones  that  hit." 

The  President  then  went  to  Berkely,  where  he 
took  part  in  the  commencement  exercises  of  the 
University  of  California,  President  Benjamin 
Ide  Wheeler  conferring  upon  him  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws. 

After  visiting  Oakland,  where  the  citizens  cor 
dially  greeted  him,  the  President  went  to  Vallejo, 
and  laid  the  cornerstone  of  the  Navy  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

249 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

building.  A  stop  was  made  at  the  Mare  Island 
Navy  Yard.  In  the  evening  he  was  given  a  fare 
well  banquet  by  the  Union  League  Club  at  the 
Palace  Hotel.  Covers  were  laid  for  300  persons. 

May  15,  16,  17  and  18  were  spent  in  the  Yo- 
semite,  the  President  camping  at  different  points, 
sight-seeing  during  the  days,  and  sleeping  in 
blankets  at  night.  He  was  in  but  one  house,  and 
then  only  for  an  hour  or  so,  during  the  three  days. 
At  Happy  Isles,  on  the  ijth,  during  luncheon, 
he  said: 

"This  is  the  one  day  of  my  life,  and  one  that  I 
will  always  remember  with  pleasure.  Just  think 
of  where  I  was  last  night!  Up  there  (pointing 
toward  Glacier  Point)  amid  the  pine  and  silver 
firs  in  the  Sierrian  solitude,  in  a  snowstorm,  too, 
and  without  a  tent.  I  passed  one  of  the  most 
pleasant  nights  of  my  life.  It  was  so  reviving  to 
be  so  close  to  nature  in  this  magnificent  forest." 

The  railroad  journey  was  resumed  at  Ray 
mond,  after  a  record-breaking  stage  ride  of  69 
miles  in  ten  hours. 

250 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

Carson,  Nev.,  was  reached  the  morning  of 
May  19,  and  fully  15,000  people  greeted  the 
President  as  he  was  driven  through  the  city  to 
the  capitol  park.  He  spoke  for  twenty  minutes, 
dwelling  upon  the  possibilities  of  irrigation  and 
forestry,  and  congratulating  Nevada  on  her  irri 
gation  law. 

At  Reno  he  was  taken  to  the  University  of  Ne 
vada,  where  he  addressed  the  400  students,  and  at 
Colfax  he  was  presented  with  a  handsome  box  of 
quartz  specimens  and  nuggets.  He  thanked  the 
people  for  the  gift  and  expressed  his  apprecia 
tion  of  the  compliment  shown  by  the  assembly  of 
such  a  large  number  of  people  to  greet  him. 
During  a  stop  of  fifteen  minutes  at  Truckee,  the 
President  made  a  short  address. 

At  Sacramento,  in  the  evening,  he  reviewed 
the  school  children,  who  waved  flags  and  heartily 
cheered  him.  After  'dinner  he  went  to  the  state 
capitol,  where  Governor  Pardee  gave  a  reception 
for  him.  He  made  a  short  address  from  a  ros 
trum  on  the  east  front  of  the  capitol. 

251 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

At  Redding,  May  20,  several  counties  were 
represented  in  the  crowd  at  the  depot,  where  the 
President  made  a  ten-minute  speech.  He  said  he 
had  enjoyed  his  visit  to  California  immensely 
and  that  he  was  convinced  that  San  Francisco 
would  do  its  full  share  in  dominating  the  com 
merce  of  ,the  nation.  He  was  presented  with 
some  specimens  of  copper  from  Mount  Shasta. 

Short  stops  were  made  at  Sisson,  Dunsmuir 
and  Montague,  where  speeches  were  made  to 
large  gatherings  of  people,  who  had  come  from 
miles  around  to  see  the  President. 

Ashland,  the  first  stopping  point  in  Oregon, 
was  reached  at  6:45  in  the  evening,  and,  as  the 
train  pulled  in,  bands  played,  cannon  boomed, 
and  thousands  of  people  cheered  the  President 
when  he  stepped  out  upon  the  platform  of  his 
car.  He  spoke  of  the  peculiar  pleasure  he  felt  at 
entering  the  State  for  the  first  time. 

At  Salem,  May  21,  the  President  was  met  by 
Governor  Chamberlain,  George  C.  Brownell, 
President  of  the  Senate ;  L.  T.  Harris,  Speaker  of 

252 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

the  House;  Mayor  C.  P.  Bishop  and  a  citizens' 
committee.  Thousands  of  people  were  gathered 
at  the  station.  While  driving  through  the  city, 
the  President  was  repeatedly  cheered.  He  said  a 
few  words  of  greeting  aad  encouragement  to 
2,000  school  children,  who  responded  by  singing 
"America,"  and,  subsequently,  delivered  an  ad 
dress  in  the  capitol  grounds.  He  spoke  warmly 
of  the  G.  A.  R.  and  the  members  of  the  Second 
Oregon  Regiment,  who  fought  in  the  Philip 
pines.  Continuing,  he  said : 

"It  is  not  only  the  lesson  of  what  these  men  did 
in  war  that  we  need  to  learn ;  it  is  the  applied  les 
son  of  citizenship  that  they  teach.  Fundamen 
tally,  in  this  country,  we  are  free  from  the  dread 
ful  curse  of  religious  hatred  and  persecution 
which  has  worked  so  much  evil  in  times  past  in 
the  world  at  large.  We  realize  that  a  corner 
stone  in  the  building  of  this  government  must  not 
be  merely  religious  toleration  before  the  law,  but 
a  genuine  religious  toleration  among  ourselves. 
We  in  America  are  to  be  held  thrice  blessed  that 

253 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

the  chance  of  animosity  between  Jew  and  Gen 
tile,  or  between  Christian  sects,  has  become  in 
finitesimal  to  the  vanishing  point.  Once  more, 
not  only  must  there  be  no  line  of  demarcation 
among  our  people  on  grounds  of  sect,  but  there 

must  be  no  line  of  demarcation  drawn  among 
them  on  grounds  of  class  or  occupation.  There 
is  but  one  safe  rule  to  follow  in  public  life  as  in 
private  life,  and  that  is  the  old,  old  rule  of  treat 
ing  your  neighbor  as  you  would  like  your  neigh 
bor  to  treat  you ;  the  old  rule  of  decency,  honesty, 
of  square  dealing  as  between  man  and  man.  Just 
so  long  as  our  people  keep  character,  so  long  as 
they  have  the  fundamental  virtues  of  decency,  of 
courage,  of  common  sense,  just  so  long  may  we 
rest  assured  that  this  country  will  go  onward  and 
upward  until  it  occupies  a  place  among  the  na 
tions  of  mankind  such  as  has  never  before  been 
known  since  the  days  when  history  was  first 
written." 

On  his  way  to  the  depot,  the  President  noticed 
an  invalid  child  lying  upon  a  stretcher  on  the 

254 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

curbing.    He  stopped  his  carriage,  alighted,  and 
kissed  the  little  girl.    The  crowd  cheered  him. 

The  train  arrived  at  Portland  at  2:15  p.  m., 
and,  while  crossing  the  bridge  spanning  the  Wil 
lamette  River,  a  salute  of  21  guns  was  fired  by  a 
battery  of  the  Oregon  National  Guard.  A  com 
mittee  headed  by  Senator  John  H.  Mitchell  ac 
companied  the  President  to  a  carriage  in  which 
he  was  driven  about  the  city.  With  him  were 
Governor  Chamberlain  and  Mayor  George  P. 
Williams.  The  procession  was  made  up  of  a 
battalion  of  Spanish-American  War  veterans, 
commanded  by  Brig.  General  Summners,  who 
led  the  Second  Oregon  Regiment  in  the  Philip 
pines  ;  the  8th  Battery,  U.  S.  Artillery,  from  Van 
couver  Barracks;  the  ijth  Regiment,  U.  S.  I.; 
the  Third  Regiment,  O.  N.  G.,  and  cadets  from 
several  military  schools.  One  section  was  a  hu 
man  flag,  composed  of  400  school  girls.  A  com 
pany  of  fifty  American-born  Chinese  brought  up 
the  rear.  The  route  from  the  depot  to  the  city 
park,  a  distance  of  three  miles,  was  a  mass  of 

255 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

American  flags.  Across  Sixth  street  was  a  large 
one — the  first  American  flag  hoisted  on  the  walls 
of  Manila.  The  President's  carriage  stopped 
under  this  flag,  and  he  and  the  other  occupants 
took  off  their  hats.  In  the  park  were  12,000 
school  children,  massed  in  raised  seats.  Each 
child  waved  an  American  flag  as  the  President 
passed,  and  cheered  him  lustily.  Fully  25,000 
people  had  assembled  to  witness  the  laying  of  the 
cornerstone  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Monument. 

The  President  laid  the  cornerstone  and,  in  an 
address,  said: 

aThis  cornerstone  is  to  call  to  mind  the  great 
est  single  pioneering  feat  on  this  Continent — the 
voyage  across  the  Continent  by  Lewis  and  Clark, 
which  rounded  out  the  ripe  statesmanship  of  Jef^ 
ferson  and  his  fellows  by  giving  to  the  United 
States  all  of  the  domain  between  the  Mississippi 
and  the  Pacific.  Following  their  advent  came 
the  reign  of  the  fur  trader,  and  then,  some  sixty 
years  ago,  those  entered  whose  children  and  chil 
dren's  children  were  to  possess  the  land.  Across 

256 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

the  continent  in  the  early  Forties  came  the  ox- 
drawn,  white-topped  wagons,  bearing  the  pio 
neers,  the  stalwart,  sturdy,  sunburnt  men,  with 
their  wives  and  little  ones,  who  entered  into  this 
country  to  possess  it.  You  have  built  up  here 
this  wonderful  commonwealth,  a  commonwealth 
great  in  its  past  and  infinitely  greater  in  its 
future. 

"It  was  a  pleasure  to  me  today  to  have  as  part 
of  my  escort,  the  men  of  the  Second  Oregon,  who 
carried  on  expansion  of  our  people  beyond  the 
Pacific  as  your  fathers  carried  it  on  to  the  Pacific. 
I  speak  to  the  men  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  the  men 
whose  predecessors  gave  us  this  region  because 
they  were  not  afraid,  because  they  did  not  seek 
the  life  of  ease  and  safety,  because  their  life  train 
ing  was  not  to  shrink  from  obstacles,  but  to  meet 
and  overcome  them.  Now  I  ask  that  this  nation 
go  forward  as  it  has  gone  forward  in  the  past;  I 
ask  that  it  shape  its  life  in  accordance  with  the 
highest  ideas;  I  ask  that  we  govern  the  Philip 
pines  primarily  in  the  interest  of  the  people  of 

257 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

the  islands,  and,  just  so  long  as  men  like  Taft  and 
Luke  Wright  are  there,  they  will  be  so  governed ; 
I  ask  that  our  name  be  a  synonym  for  truthful 
and  fair  dealings  with  all  the  nations  of  the 
world;  and  I  ask  two  things  in  connection  with 
our  foreign  policy — that  we  never  wrong  the 
weak,  and  that  we  never  flinch  from  the  strong. 

"Today  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  spoke  of  the 
great  pride  we  take  in  the  feats  of  the  mighty 
battleship  which  bears  the  name  of  this  State — 
the  Oregon.  It  is  a  great  thing  to  cheer  it,  but  it 
is  a  better  thing  to  see  that  we  keep  on  building 
ships  like  it,  and  even  better.  That  is  the  right 
way  to  cheer  our  Oregon,  to  see  our  Senators  and 
Representatives  in  Congress  go  on  with  the 
building  of  the  United  States  Navy.  Whether 
we  wish  it  or  not,  we  have  to  be  a  great  power. 
We  have  to  play  a  great  part.  All  we  can  decide 
is  whether  we  will  play  that  part  well  or  ill,  and 
I  know,  my  countrymen,  there  is  scant  doubt  as 
to  how  the  decision  will  come  out. 

"We  have  met  to  commemorate  a  mighty  pio- 

258 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

neer  feat,  a  feat  of  the  old  days,  when  men  needed 
to  call  upon  every  ounce  of  courage  and  hardi 
hood  and  manliness  they  possessed  in  order  to 
make  good  our  claim  to  this  Continent.  Let  us 
in  our  turn,  with  equal  courage,  equal  hardihood 
and  manliness,  carry  on  the  task  that  our  fore 
fathers  have  entrusted  to  our  hands,  and  let  us 
resolve  that  we  shall  leave  to  our  chidren  and  our 
children's  children  an  even  mightier  heritage 
than  we  received  in  our  turn.  I  ask  it,  and  I  am 
sure  that  it  will  be  granted." 

A  banquet  was  given  at  the  Hotel  Portland  in 
the  evening. 

The  State  of  Washington  was  entered  at  Kala- 
ma,  May  22.  The  President  was  met  by  Gov 
ernor  McBride,  who  informally  welcomed  him 
to  the  State. 

At  Chehalis  there  were  10,000  people  at  the 
depot.  Mayor  Donohue  escorted  the  President 
on  an  elevated  passageway  to  the  "McKinley 
stump" — a  mammoth  fir  stump,  beautifully  dec 
orated,  near  the  station.  He  shook  hands  with 

259 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  Hazzard,  parents  of  the 
two  Lieutenants  Hazzard,  who  were  with  Gen 
eral  Funston  when  he  captured  Aguinaldo.  The 
President  spoke  for  fifteen  minutes.  He  said: 

"It  is  no  wonder  the  people  of  Washington 
have  shown  themselves  true  to  the  practices  and 
principles  of  the  men  who  fought  in  the  great 
war.  I  have  just  been  introduced  to  two  of  the 
gallant  young  fellows,  who,  in  the  Philippines, 
captured  Aguinaldo.  With  men  such  as  you, 
and  with  two  of  your  citizens,  the  father  and  the 
mother  of  boys  like  that,  of  course,  you  are  ex 
pansionists.  If  you  were  not,  I  would  want  to 
know  what  was  the  matter  with  you. 

"I  congratulate  Washington  on  its  agriculture, 
its  lumber,  its  mines,  upon  all  that  it  produces, 
but  most  of  all,  upon  its  crop  of  children." 

The  State  Capitol,  Olympia,  was  reached  at 
i  :ao  in  the  afternoon,  and,  while  entering  the 
city,  the  President  had  his  first  glimpse  of  Puget 
Sound.  The  official  reception  to  the  State  took 
place  here,  the  Governor  and  his  staff,  ex-gov- 

260 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

ernors,  state  officers  and  reception  committee  ap 
pointed  by  the  Legislature,  in  addition  to  5,000 
people,  greeted  the  President. 

At  Tacoma  a  multitude  at  the  station  rent  the 
air  with  cheers  when  the  train  stopped  in  the 
Northern  Pacific  depot.  The  escort  consisted  of 
G.  A.  R.  posts  and  Spanish-American  War  vet 
erans.  At  the  public  school  buildings  the  chil 
dren  were  grouped  and  gave  the  President  an  en 
thusiastic  reception.  All  the  business  and  resi 
dent  streets  were  decorated  with  flags  and  fes 
toons  and  pictures  of  the  President.  The  streets 
were  packed  with  people,  and  the  demonstration 
kept  him  busy  bowing  his  acknowledgments. 
He  spoke  in  Wright  Park,  where  there  was  a 
mass  of  humanity. 

"I  earnestly  believe,"  he  said,  "and,  of  course, 
I  hope  with  all  my  heart,  that  there  will  always 
be  peace  between  the  United  States  and  other 
powers,  but  I  wish  that  peace  to  come  to  us  not 
as  a  favor  granted  in  contempt,  but  to  be  the  kind 
of  peace  that  comes  to  the  just  man  armed,  the 
peace  that  we  can  claim  as  a  matter  of  right. 

261 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

"If  we  fail  to  build  an  adequate  navy,  some 
time,  some  great  power,  throwing  off  the  re 
straint  of  international  morality,  will  take  some 
step  against  us,  relying  upon  the  weakness  of  our 
navy.  The  best  possible  assurance  against  war  is 
an  adequate  navy.  I  ask  for  a  navy  primarily 
because  it  is  the  surest  means  of  keeping  peace, 
and  also  because,  if  war  does  come,  surely  there 
can  be  no  American  who  will  tolerate  the  idea  of 
its  having  any  other  than  a  successful  issue." 

On  leaving  the  park,  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Ma 
sons  and  the  Grand  Commandery  Knights  Tem 
plar  escorted  the  President  to  the  site  of  the  Ma 
sonic  Temple,  of  which  he  laid  the  cornerstone. 
A  thousand  Masons  participated  in  the  impres 
sive  ceremony. 

Senator  Foster  gave  a  dinner  in  his  honor  in 
the  evening. 

There  was  ideal  weather  May  23  for  the  trip 
of  Puget  Sound.  The  president  was  accompa 
nied  to  the  wharf  by  an  escort  of  police  and  cav 
alry,  crowds  lining  Pacific  Avenue  and  cheering 

202 


Copyright    by    Fnderwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

AT   POCATELLO,   IDAHO 

"What  American  stands  for  more  than  aught  else,  is  for  treating  each  man  on 
his  worth  as  a  man." 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,     N.    Y. 

AT  SALT  LAKE  CITY,   UTAH 

President  Roosevelt  received  a  most  enthusiastic  welcome  from  the  Citizens, 
Cowpunchers  and  Sheep  men. 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

him  heartily.  All  the  shipping  was  adorned  with 
flags  and  streamers.  The  steamer  Spokane, 
which  took  him  north,  flew  the  President's  flag, 
the  revenue  cutter  McCulloch,  handsomely 
dressed,  convoying  her. 

The  navy  yard  at  Sinclair  Inlet  was  inspected. 
As  the  Spokane  emerged  from  the  inlet,  she  was 
greeted  by  the  sirens  of  steamers  and  tugs  wait 
ing  to  escort  her  to  Seattle.  Behind  the  Spokane 
was  the  McCulloch,  followed  in  a  double  line 
by  forty  steamers,  great  and  small,  all  decked  out 
and  tooting  their  whistles.  A  salute  of  21  guns 
was  fired  as  the  President  landed  at  the  wharf, 
where  he  was  received  by  Mayor  Humes.  A 
long  drive  was  taken  through  the  streets,  which 
were  packed  with  enthusiastic  people.  At  the 
University  grounds,  the  President  made  a  speech 
in  which  he  said: 

"I  greet  you  as  the  very  embodiment  of  the 
spirit  which  makes  us  all  proud  to  be  Americans. 
How  any  man  can  be  a  citizen  of  Seattle  and  the 
State  of  Washington,  realizing  what  has  been 

265 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

done  here,  within  the  past  fifty  years,  as  you  can, 
and  not  be  a  good  American,  is  more  than  I  can 
imagine.  You  are  good  Americans,  but  it  is  not 
to  your  credit.  You  can't  help  it.  You  can't 
realize  how  great  your  future  is.  No  other  body 
on  the  face  of  the  earth  offers  quite  the  advan 
tages  to  the  people  as  those  which  are  enjoyed  by 
the  people  who  live  about  the  Puget  Sound.  No 
state,  and  I  include  them  all,  has  quite  such  great 
advantages  as  this  great  State  of  Washington. 

"You  are  at  the  gateway  of  Alaska,  and  even 
the  people  of  the  country  that  I  come  from  are 
beginning  to  appreciate  the  greatness  of  Alaska. 
The  men  of  my  age  will  not  be  old  men  before 
they  will  see  one  of  the  greatest  and  most  popu 
lous  states  of  the  entire  Union  in  Alaska.  I  am 
glad  to  notice  that  our  national  legislature  now 
seems  desirous  of  providing  at  once  for  the  needs 
of  that  great  territory.  I  predict  that  Alaska 
will,  within  the  next  century,  support  as  large  a 
population  as  does  the  entire  Scandinavian  Pen 
insula  of  Europe,  the  people  of  which,  by  their 

266 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

brains  and  energies,  have  left  their  mark  on  the 
face  of  Europe.  I  predict  that  you  will  see  Alas 
ka  with  her  enormous  resources  of  minerals,  fish 
eries,  her  possibilities  that  almost  exceed  belief, 
produce  as  hardy  and  vigorous  a  race  as  any  part 
of  America." 

Returning  to  the  wharf,  the  President  em 
barked  and  went  to  Everett.  Coming  back,  he 
was  driven  to  the  Grand  Opera  House  which  was 
crowded  with  Alaskans.  A  committee  of  the  Arc 
tic  Brotherhood — an  exclusively  Alaskan  order 
— presented  him  a  miniature  placer  miner's  pan 
of  solid  gold,  on  which  was  inscribed  an  invita 
tion  to  visit  Alaska  as  the  guest  of  the  order. 

Sunday,  May  24,  was  spent  in  Seattle,  the 
President  atending  the  Memorial  services  of  the 
G.  A.  R.  at  the  Grand  Opera  House.  In  the 
afternoon  he  took  a  horseback  ride  to  Fort  Law- 
ton. 

May  25,  the  train  stopped  first  at  Clellum,  in 
the  Cascade  Mountains,  1,000  coal  miners  hav 
ing  come  down  from  Roslyn  to  see  the  President. 

267 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

At  North  Yakima  he  spoke  on  irrigation  to  an 
audience  of  12,000,  including  a  large  number  of 

Indians  from  the  reservation.    At  Ellensburg  he 

• 

made  an  address  to  5,000  people,  paying  his  re 
spects  to  the  mothers,  wives  and  daughters  of  the 
soldiers.  "While,"1  he  said,  "the  men  went  to 
battle,  to  the  women  fell  the  harder  task  of  seeing 
husband  or  lover,  father  or  brother  going  away, 
she  herself  having  to  stay  behind  with  the  load  of 
doubt,  anxiety  and  uncertainty,  and  often  the 
hard  difficulty  of  making  both  ends  meet  in  the 
household  while  the  breadwinner  was  away." 

At  Walla  Walla  he  spoke  to  6,000  people  from 
the  steps  of  the  Whitman  Memorial  Building, 
and  reviewed  a  parade  of  militia  and  federal 
troops  from  Fort  Walla  Walla.  In  the  evening 
he  was  entertained  by  Senator  Ankeny  at  his 
house. 

The  morning  of  May  26  was  spent  in  the 
Coueur  d'Alene  mining  camps  of  Northern 
Idaho,  but  the  weather  was  very  inclement. 

There  was  750  people  at  Pasco,  and  the  Presi- 

268 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

dent  made  a  general  talk  on  irrigation,  saying 
that  under  the  national  irrigation  act  all  the  bar 
ren  wastes  undoubtedly  would  be  irrigated;  that 
national  reservoirs  would  be  constructed  to  con 
serve  the  supply  of  water  now  going  to  waste  in 
the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers,  and  the  barren 
wastes  would  be  changed  into  a  veritable  Garden 
of  Eden.  The  President  was  given  a  box  of  as 
sorted  fruits,  as  a  testimonial  of  what  the  land 
would  do  under  irrigation.  At  Wallula,  about 
500  people,  including  many  school  children,  met 
the  train.  The  President  spoke  encouragingly 
to  the  children,  telling  them  to  keep  on  striving 
to  get  an  education. 

At  Wallace,  notwithstanding  a  heavy  rain,  10,- 
ooo  people  thronged  the  streets.  After  a  recep 
tion  at  Senator  Heyburn's  residence,  the  Presi 
dent  made  a  speech  at  the  City  Park,  his  subject 
being  "Good  Citizenship."  At  Harrison  there 
was  a  large  crowd,  which  listened  to  an  address 
from  the  rear  platform  of  his  car.  The  President 
was  presented  with  five  strings  of  speckled  trout. 

269 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

The  train  arrived  at  Spokane  in  the  afternoon, 
and  was  met  by  a  committee  of  twenty-five, 
headed  by  Senator  Turner,  Mayor  Boyd,  and  a 
crowd  of  6,000  people.  A  drive  was  taken 
through  the  most  attractive  parts  of  the  city,  the 
buildings  being  beautifully  decorated.  The  es 
cort  consisted  of  Spanish-American  War  Veter 
ans,  regular  troops,  cadets  and  militia.  The  pro 
cession  halted  for  a  moment  at  the  site  of  the  new 
Masonic  Temple,  and  the  President  threw  the 
first  spadeful  of  earth.  At  Coueur  d'Alene  Park 
there  were  thousands  of  children,  who  sang  pa 
triotic  songs  and  strewed  flowers  as  the  President 
passed  through  their  ranks.  In  an  address,  the 
President  said: 

"I  am  in  a  city  at  the  gateway  of  this  State, 
with  the  great  railroad  systems  of  the  State  run 
ning  through  it.  On  the  western  edge  of  the 
State  is  Puget  Sound,  where  I  have  seen  the  hom 
ing  places  of  the  great  steamship  lines,  which,  in 
connection  with  the  great  railroads,  are  doing  so 
much  to  develop  the  oriental  trade  of  the  coun- 

270 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

try.  This  State  will  owe  no  small  part  of  its  fu 
ture  greatness  to  the  fact  that  it  is  doing  its  share 
in  acquiring  for  the  United  States  the  dominance 
of  the  Pacific.  The  men  and  corporations  that 
have  built  these  railroads  have  rendered  a  very 
great  service  to  the  community.  Every  man  who 
has  made  wealth  or  used  it  in  developing  great 
legitimate  business  enterprises  has  been  of  benefit 
and  not  harm  to  the  country  at  large.  Great  good 
has  come  from  the  development  of  our  railroad 
systems;  great  good  has  been  done  by  the  indi 
viduals  and  corporations  that  have  made  that 
development  possible;  and  in  return  good  has 
been  done  to  them  and  not  harm  when  they  are 
required  to  obey  the  law." 

At  8 130  a.  m.,  May  27,  the  train  pulled  into 
Helena,  Mont.  An  immense  crowd  was  at  the 
station,  and  Battery  A,  M.  N.  G.,  fired  a  salute. 
Among  the  delegation  which  met  the  President 
were  many  old-time  western  friends.  Accom 
panied  by  Governor  Toole  and  Mayor  Edwards, 
he  was  driven  to  the  capitol.  On  the  way  the 

271 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

procession  passed  several  thousand  cheering 
school  children.  After  an  address,  there  was  an 
informal  reception. 

Among  the  first  to  greet  the  President  at  Buttc 
was  Senator  William  A.  Clarke,  who,  with 
Mayor  Mullins,  took  a  seat  in  the  carriage.  The 
drive  through  the  streets  was  one  long  ovation. 
Such  a  crowd  had  never  been  seen  before  in  the 
history  of  the  city.  Veterans  of  the  Civil  and 
Spanish  wars,  militia  and  police  formed  the  es 
cort,  the  Spanish  War  veterans  being  the  guard 
of  honor. 

At  the  court-house  2,000  school  children, 
dressed  in  the  national  colors,  saluted  the  Presi 
dent,  and  he  stopped  for  a  few  minutes  and  spoke 
to  the  little  ones.  His  carriage  stopped  again  in 
order  that  1,500  citizens  of  Anaconda  might  pre 
sent  him  a  handsome  vase  made  of  silver,  copper 
and  sapphire. 

In  the  evening,  after  a  banquet  at  which  1,500 
plates  were  laid,  the  President  was  the  guest  of 
the  Labor  and  Trades  Assembly  of  Silver  Bow 

272 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

AT  OGDEN,  UTAH 
Secretary  of  Agriculture   (Wilson)  President  Roosevelt  and   Senator  Smoot. 


Copyright    by    Underwood, .  &    I'ndorwood,    N.    Y. 

AT  OGDEN,  UTAH 
The  President,  Governor  Wells  and  Wm.  Glasmann. 


Copyright    liy     Underwood    &    riidi-rwood,     N.    Y. 

AT  LARAMIE,   WYOMING 
Ready  for  his  favorite  pastime — galloping  across  the  great  plains  of  the  West. 


</> 

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£  $3! 

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UJ 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

County,  and  addressed  20,000  people  at  the  Co 
lumbia  Garden.  Introduced  by  Frank  A.  Boyle, 
president  of  the  Trades  Assembly,  he  said : 

"It  would  have  been  a  great  pleasure  to  have 
come  to  Butte  in  any  event,  but  it  is  a  double 
pleasure  to  come  here  at  the  invitation  of  repre 
sentatives  of  the  wage-workers  of  Butte.  I  do  not 
say  merely  'workingmen,'  for  I  hold  that  every 
good  American  who  does  his  duty  must  be  a 
workingman.  There  are  many  different  kinds  of 
work  to  be  done,  but  so  long  as  the  work  is  hon 
orable,  is  necessary  and  is  well  done  that  man 
who  does  it  well  is  entitled  to  the  respect  of  his 
fellow  citizens. 

"It  is  great  to  come  here  to  see  this  marvelous 
city,  which  has  thrived  and  grown  to  a  degree 
well-nigh  unparalleled  in  the  past,  and  I  do  not 
see  how  it  can  be  paralleled  in  the  future.  I 
have  come  here  to  this  meeting  especially  as  the 
guest,  the  invited  guest,  of  the  wage-workers,  and 
am  happy  to  be  able  to  say  that  the  kind  of 
speech  I  will  make  to  you  I  would  make  in  just 

277 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

exactly  the  same  language  to  any  group  of  em 
ployers  or  to  any  set  of  our  citizens  in  any  corner 
of  this  Republic. 

"Ours  is  a  government  of  liberty  through  and 
under  the  law.  No  man  is  above  it  and  no  man 
is  below  it.  The  crime  of  cunning,  the  crime  of 
greed,  the  crime  of  violence  are  all  equally 
crimes  and  against  them  all  alike  the  law  must 
set  its  face.  This  is  not  and  never  shall  be  a  gov 
ernment  of  the  plutocracy  or  the  mob.  It  is,  as 
it  has  been  and  as  it  will  be,  a  government  of  the 
people,  including  alike  the  people  of  great 
wealth,  of  moderate  wealth,  the  people  who  em 
ploy  others,  the  people  who  are  employed,  the 
wage-worker,  the  lawyer,  the  mechanic,  the 
banker,  the  farmer,  including  them  all,  protect 
ing  each  and  every  one  of  them,  if  he  acts  de 
cently  and  squarely,  and  discriminating  against 
any  one  of  them,  no  matter  from  what  class  he 
comes,  if  he  does  not  act  fairly  and  squarely,  if 
he  does  not  obey  the  law. 

"While  all  people  are  foolish  if  they  violate  or 

278 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

rebel  against  the  law,  wicked  as  well  as  foolish, 
but  all  foolish,  yet  the  most  foolish  man  in  this 
republic  is  the  man  of  wealth  who  complains  be 
cause  the  law  is  administered  with  impartial 
justice  against  or  for  him.  His  folly  is  greater 
than  the  folly  of  any  other  man  who  so  com 
plains,  for  he  lives  and  moves  and  has  his  being 
because  the  law  does  in  fact  protect  him  and  his 
property.  We  have  the  right  to  ask  every  decent 
American  citizen  to  rally  to  the  support  of  the 
law  if  it  is  ever  broken  against  the  interests  of  the 
rich  man  and  we  have  the  same  right  to  ask  that 
rich  man  cheerfully  and  gladly  to  acquiesce  in 
the  enforcement  against  his  seeming  interest  of 
the  law  if  it  is  the  law.  Incidentally,  whether  he 
acquiesces  or  not,  the  law  will  be  enforced. 
Whoever  he  may  be,  great  or  small,  at  which 
ever  end  of  the  social  scale  he  may  be,  whether 
his  offense  take  the  shape  of  a  crime  of  greed  and 
cunning  or  whether  it  take  the  shape  of  physical 
violence,  if  it  is  an  offense  against  the  law  it 
must  be  stopped  and  if  need  be  punished." 

279 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

The  drive  to  the  station  was  illuminated  by 
immense  bonfires  on  every  mountain  point. 

The  President  entered  Idaho  at  Pocatello  the 
morning  of  May  28,  and  received  a  warm  wel 
come.  The  train  was  met  several  miles  outside  of 
the  town  by  a  band  of  Indians  from  the  Black 
Foot  Reservation,  who  raced  alongside  the  train 
into  Pocatello.  A  committee  headed  by  Gov 
ernor  Morrison  and  Senator  Heyburn  met  him, 
and  he  was  escorted  to  a  stand  by  Kimball  Lodge 
Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Firemen,  members 
of  the  G.  A.  R.,  Philippines  veterans,  a  squad  of 
cavalrymen,  cowboys  and  Indians.  The  Presi 
dent  paid  a  high  compliment  to  the  railroad  men 
present  for  their  vigilance  and  skill.  Continu 
ing,  he  said : 

"I  was  glad  to  learn  that  many  of  the  Indians 
under  your  care  are  traveling  the  white  man's 
road,  and  beginning  not  only  to  send  their  chil 
dren  to  school,  but  to  own  cattle  and  other  prop 
erty.  The  only  outcome  of  the  Indian  question 
is  gradually  to  develop  the  Indian  into  a  prop- 

280 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

erty-owning,  law-abiding  hard-working,  edu 
cated  citizen.  In  other  words,  to  train  him  to 
travel  the  path  that  we  all  are  trying  to  travel, 
and  I  congratulate  you  upon  the  progress  that 
you  have  made.  When  he  is  traveling  that 
path,  and  when  he  is  doing  his  duty,  he  is  entitled 
to,  and  shall  receive,  exactly  as  square  a  deal  as 
anyone  else.  After  all,  that  is  the  fundamental 
principle  of  our  government.  In  the  last  analy 
sis,  what  American  stands  for  more  than  aught 
else,  is  for  treating  each  man  on  his  worth  as  a 


man." 


Stops  were  made  at  Shoshone,  Kimina  Glenns, 
Ferry,  Mountain  Home  and  Nampa,  where  the 
President  made  short  speeches,  confining  himself 
mostly  to  the  benefits  that  have  been  and  are  to  be 
derived  from  irrigation,  and  to  the  qualities  that 
go  to  make  up  good  citizenship. 

Boise  was  reached  at  4:50  p.  m.  The  city  was 
thronged  with  people.  The  President  passed 
through  a  lane  of  2,000  children,  who  cheered 
him  lustily  and  waved  a  forest  of  flags.  At  the 

281 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

capitol  grounds,  he  was  introduced  by  Governor 
Morrison,  and  spoke  for  half  an  hour.  He  said : 
"I  believe  with  all  my  soul  in  the  Monroe 
Doctrine.  This  western  hemisphere  is  not  to  be 
come  a  region  for  conquest  over  which  foreign 
ministerial  powers  may  acquire  control.  I  think 
that  should  be  a  cardinal  doctrine  of  our  Amer 
ican  foreign  policy.  But  I  would  a  great  deal 
rather  see  us  never  announce  that  policy  than  for 
us  to  announce  it  and  then  lack  either  the  will  or 
the  power  to  make  it  good.  The  one  means  for 
making  it  good  is  building  up  an  adequate  navy. 
I  ask  congress  to  go  on  with  the  building  of  the 
navy;  that  congress  go  on  providing  means  to 
make  that  navy  the  most  effective  on  the  globe. 
I  earnestly  hope  that  not  in  our  time  will  we  see 
war  again,  but  it  is  impossible  to  say  that  there 
will  not  be  any  war  because  it  is  not  only  neces 
sary  that  we  should  want  to  act  rightly  toward 
other  nations,  and  I  think  I  can  say  that  we  do, 
but  it  is  necessary  that  they  should  all  of  them 
want  to  act  rightly  toward  us;  and  while  I  be- 

282 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

lieve  they  do,  I  think  it  will  help  them  to  perse 
vere  in  their  good  intentions  if  we  are  well 
armed." 

Referring  to  irrigation,  he  said : 

"The  forests  and  the  grasses  are  not  to  be 
treated  as  we  properly  treat  mining;  that  is,  as 
material  to  be  used  up  and  nothing  left  behind. 
We  must  recognize  the  fact  that  we  have  passed 
the  stage  when  we  can  afford  to  tolerate  the  man 
whose  object  is  simply  to  skin  the  land  and  get 
out.  That  man  is  not  an  equitable  citizen.  We 
do  not  want  the  big  proprietor.  It  is  not  for  him 
that  we  wish  to  develop  irrigation.  It  is  not  for 
him  that  we  must  shape  our  grazing  lands  and 
handle  our  forests.  We  must  handle  the  water, 
the  wood,  the  grasses,  so  that  we  will  hand  them 
on  to  our  children  and  children's  children  in  bet 
ter  and  not  worse  shape  than  we  got  them.  Inas 
much  as  I  myself  passed  a  large  portion  of  my 
life  in  the  mountains  and  on  the  plains  of  this 
great  western  country,  I  feel  a  peculiar  pride 
that  it  was  given  to  me  to  sign  and  thereby  make 

283 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

into  law  the  act  of  the  national  government,  to 
my  mind,  one  of.  the  most  important  acts  ever 
made  into  law  by  the  national  legislature,  the 
National  Irrigation  Act  of  a  year  ago.  The  gov 
ernment,  in  my  judgment,  not  only  should,  but 
must,  cooperate  with  the  state  governments  and 
with!  individual  enterprises  in  seeing  that  we 
utilize  to  the  fullest  advantage  the  waters  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  states,  by  canals  and  great  res 
ervoirs,  which  shall  conserve,  the  waters  that  go 
to  waste  at  one  season,  so  that  they  can  be  used  at 
other  seasons." 

The  President  spoke  a  few  words  to  a  Grand 
Army  Post  drawn  up  in  the  rear  of  the  stand  and 
also  to  the  Spanish  War  veterans.  After  a  tree 
had  been  planted  near  the  one  planted  by  Presi 
dent  Harrison  in  1901,  the  President  was  taken 
for  a  drive  about  the  city,  all  the  principal  points 
of  interest  being  visited. 

The  train  pulled  into  the  Oregon  Short  Line 
station  at  Salt  Lake  City  at  8:30  a.  m.,  May  29, 
amid  the  clamor  of  locomotives  and  factory 

284 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

whistles,  the  shrill  yells  of  hundreds  of  cattle 
punchers  and  sheep  men,  and  the  enthusiastic 
cheering  of  several  thousand  people  congregated 
along  the  streets  leading  from  the  depot  and  in 
the  railroad  yards.  The  President  was  greeted 
by  Governor  Wells,  Mayor  Thompson,  Col.  J. 
W.  Rubb  and  Secretary  of  Agriculture  Wilson. 
A  procession  through  the  business  section  was 
made  up  of  a  battalion  of  the  U.  S.  Infantry,  two 
batteries  of  U.  S.  Artillery,  the  National  Guard 
of  Utah,  veterans  of  four  wars,  a  large  body  of 
fraternal  organizations,  and,  bringing  up  the 
rear,  nearly  600  mounted  cattle  and  sheep  men, 
many  of  whom  had  come  over  150  miles  on 
rough  trails  to  participate  in  the  welcome  to 
the  President.  These  sunburned,  brawny  plains 
men,  in  their  sombreros  and  blue  shirts  formed 
the  most  picturesque  part  of  the  parade,  and 
the  President  rose  in  his  carriage  and  bowed 
in  response  to  their  wild  cheering.  Nine  thou 
sand  school  children,  every  one  of  them  waving 

285 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

an  American  flag,  cheered  the  President  as  he 
mounted  a  platform  to  address  them. 

The  Tabernacle  was  visited,  and  when  Gov 
ernor  Wellsi  introduced  the  President,  11,000 
people  arose  to  their  feet  and  cheered  wildly  for 
a  minute.  The  President  spoke  eulogistically  of 
the  Utah  pioneers,  who,  he  said,  came  not  to  ex 
ploit  the  land  and  then  go  somewhere  else,  but  to 
build  homes. 

Luncheon  was  taken  at  the  residence  of  Sena 
tor  Kearns.  President  Joseph  E.  Smith  of  the 
Mormon  Church,  Senator  Smoot,  Governor 
Wells,  Congressman  Powell  and  a  few  personal 
friends  of  the  President  made  up  the  party. 

At  Ogden  one  of  the  largest  crowds  ever  col 
lected  in  the  city  saw  the  President,  many  of  them 
having  come  from  the  northern  counties  of  the 
state.  Members  of  the  G.  A.  R.  and  Spanish  War 
veterans  acted  as  a  guard  of  honor  in  the  pro 
cession,  which  included  many  railroad  employes. 
He  made  a  few  remarks  to  5,000  children,  as 
sembled  in  Lester  Park,  and,  at  a  pavilion  in  the 

286 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

public  square,  was  formally  welcomed  by  Mayor 
Glassman,  and  spoke  briefly  to  the  crowd. 

At  Evanston,  Wyo.,  there  were  5,000  people 
a*  the  station.  The  President  was  introduced  by 
Senator  Clark,  and  said  a  few  words  to  them. 

The  train  passed  Rawlins  during  the  night,  the 
President  being  cheered  by  the  assembled  people. 

Laramie  was  reached  at  7:30  a.  m.,  May  30, 
and  the  President  was  driven  to  the  University 
of  Wyoming,  where  he  made  a  short  address. 

Senator  Warren,  on  behalf  of  the  citizens  of 
Cheyenne,  presented  him  with  a  beautiful  saddle 
blanket,  bridle  and  spurs,  and,  at  9  o'clock,  the 
President  mounted  his  horse  and  started  on  a 
sixty  miles  ride  to  Cheyenne.  He  was  accom 
panied  by  Surgeon  General  Rixey,  U.  S.  Senator 
Warren,  Capt.  Seth  Bullock,  U.  S.  Marshal 
Hadsell,  'Deputy  Marshal  Joseph  Lefors,  Wil 
liam  Daly,  Jr.,  Otto  Gramm,  N.  K.  Boswell, 
R.  S.  Van  Tassel,  G.  A.  Porter,  A.  W.  Barber 
and  W.  L.  Parks. 

The  ride  to  Van  Tassel's  ranch,  31  miles,  occu- 

287 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG  THE  PEOPLE 

pied  four  hours  and  five  minutes.  After  dinner 
at  Mr.  Van  Tassel's  and  a  short  rest,  the  party 
resumed  the  journey  at  2  o'clock.  A  stop  was 
made  at  Fort  Russell,  where  the  President  was 
joined  by  Governor  Chatterton  and  his  staff. 
Citizens  of  Douglas  furnished  him  with  a  hand 
some  horse  on  which  he  rode  from  Fort  Russell 
to  Cheyenne,  which  was  reached  on  schedule 
time  without  a  mishap.  All  the  organizations 
of  the  city  turned  out  to  give  the  President  a 
warm  reception,  and  in  the  crowd  were  hundreds 
who  had  come  from  Utah  and  Colorado  to  par 
ticipate.  In  slouch  hat,  riding  boots,  spurs  and 
gauntlets,  he  rode  direct  to  a  speaker's  stand  in 
the  city  square  where  he  faced  20,000  enthusi 
astic  and  cheering  people.  His  speech  was  ad 
dressed  particularly  to  the  Civil  War  veterans. 

Sunday,  May  31,  the  President  attended  the 
First  Methodist  Church  where  special  services 
were  held,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Forsythe  preaching  on 
"Strenuousness."  At  the  close  of  the  sermon,  the 
President  lunched  at  the  residence  of  former 

288 


From   Stereograph,   copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,   N\   Y. 


IN  WYOMING 

"Honor  to  all  good  Citizen',  but  honor  most  of  all  to  the  men  who,  first  in  the 

world,  marked  out  that  earliest  of  highways,  the  spotted 

line,  the  blazed  trail." 


i-y    rndcrwund    it    rndorwood,     X.    Y. 


AT  ROCKFORD,  ILLINOIS 
The  Old  Soldiers  listening  to  the  President. 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

Senator  Carey.  Those  present  were  Secretary 
of  Agriculture  Wilson,  Secretary  Loeb,  Assistant 
Secrtary  Barnes,  Surgeon  General  Rixey,  Cap 
tain  Seth  Bullock,  Senator  Warren,  Governor 
and  Mrs.  Chatterton,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  D. 
Carey  and  Robert  Carey.  In  the  afternoon  he 
was  shown  the  routine  work  on  one  of  Wyo 
ming's  biggest  ranches.  Secretary  Moody,  who 
had  been  with  the  party  since  it  entered  Califor 
nia,  left  on  this  day  for  Washington. 

June  i,  the  President  went  to  the  Wild  West 
Exhibition  at  Frontier  Park.  He  was  presented 
with  the  beautiful  sorrel  single-footer  gelding, 
Ragalona,  and  a  complete  riding  outfit — the  gift 
of  the  people  of  Cheyenne  and  Douglas,  who 
were  represented  by  Senator  Warren.  The  Pres 
ident  rechristened  the  animal  "Wyoming."  He 
enjoyed  the  wild  horse  races,  roping  of  Texas 
steers,  ladies'  cow  pony  race,  and  an  artillery 
drill  by  the  Thirteenth  Regiment  from  Fort  B. 
A.  Russell.  While  at  Cheyenne,  the  President 
heard  of  the  flood  at  Topeka  and  sent  the  follow 
ing  telegram : 

291 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

"Hon.  W.  J.  Bailey,  Topeka,  Kas.— Am  in 
expressibly  shocked  at  reports  of  dreadful  ca 
lamity  that  has  befallen  Topeka.  If  there  is  any 
thing  the  Federal  authorities  can  do,  of  course, 
let  me  know.  Theodore  Roosevelt." 

At  Sidney,  Neb.,  the  President  made  an  ad 
dress  on  good  citizenship  to  a  large  crowd.  A 
half  hour's  stop  was  made  at  North  Platt,  where 
he  was  taken  for  a  drive  about  the  city.  Brief 
speeches  were  made  at  Lexington  and  Kearney. 
A  large  crowd  was  at  Grand  Island  station,  but 
the  President  had  retired. 

The  train  entered  Iowa  June  2,  and  was  turned 
over  by  the  Union  Pacific  to  the  Illinois  Central. 
It  passed  through  much  of  the  flooded  district  of 
Iowa,  but  extra  precautions  had  been  taken  by 
the  railroad  authorities  by  carefuly  watching  the 
tracks. 

At  Denison,  Secretary  Shaw  and  Senators  Al 
lison  and  Dolliver  were  waiting  to  welcome  the 
President,  as  was  an  immense  crowd  of  people, 
many  of  whom  had  come  to  the  town  on  excur- 

292 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE    PEOPLE 

sion  trains.  It  was  the  largest  crowd  ever  seen 
at  Denison.  Secretary  Shaw  introduced  the 
President  who,  when  the  cheering  ceased,  spoke 
as  follows: 

"At  this  time  as  I  come  into  your  beautiful 
state  there  have  come  calamities  upon  our  people 
here  in  Iowa,  and  to  even  greater  degree  in  Kan 
sas  and  Missouri.  I  see  also  by  today's  papers 
the  awful  disaster  in  Georgia.  We  have  biblical 
authority,  as  well  as  the  authority  of  common 
sense,  for  the  statement  that  the  rain  falls  on  the 
just  and  the  unjust  alike.  When  the  hand  of  the 
Lord  is  heavy  upon  any  body  of  men,  the  wisdom 
of  man  can  do  but  little. 

"Now  and  then  in  our  country,  from  drought, 
from  floods,  from  pestilence,  trouble  and  misfor 
tune  will  come,  but  oh,  my  friends,  as  I  drive 
through  your  city  this  morning  and  now  as  I  look 
at  you,  the  men  and  women  of  this  state,  I  know 
that  all  our  troubles  are  temporary,  that  misfor 
tune  will  be  met  and  overcome,  because  in  heart 
and  hand  the  American  citizen  is  able  to  win  his 
way  in  the  long  run. 

293 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

"When  misfortune  that  human  wisdom  cannot 
avoid  comes,  of  course,  there  will  be  suffering 
there  will  be  misery.  Those  of  us  who  are  free 
from  it  can  try  and  must  try  to  lighten  it  all  we 
can;  but  we  cannot  help  the  fact  that  there  will 
be  much  suffering.  Furthermore,  if  through  our 
own  folly  we  do  what  is  wrong,  if  we  act  fool 
ishly  in  matters  of  legislation,  we  shall  pay  the 
penalty.  If  the  business  world  loses  its  head  it 
has  lost  what  no  law  can  supply,  but  in  spite  of 
that  we  shall  go  forward. 

"We  shall  keep  in  the  run  on  the  plans,  not 
only  of  abiding,  but  of  increasing  prosperity,  if 
we  only  keep  our  sanity  as  a  people,  if  we  keep 
the  qualities  which  made  us  win  out  in  the  Civil 
War,  and  which  have  brought  us  in  triumph 
through  other  crises  so  far. 

"Something,  a  good  deal,  can  be  done  by  law, 
a  good  deal  can  be  done  by  the  honest  and  up 
right  administration  of  the  law.  I  think  you  will 
do  me  the  justice  to  say  that  I  do  not  say  what  I 
'do  not  mean.  I  never  said  anything  off  the  stump 

294 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

that  I  would  not  say  on  the  stump,  so  that  what  I 
say  now  you  can  take  as  sincere. 

"We  have  in  the  persons  of  Iowa's  representa 
tives  in  both  branches  of  the  national  congress,  in 
Iowa's  representatives  in  the  administrative 
branches  of  the  national  government,  men  to 
whom  I  can  turn,  as  illustrating  what  I  mean 
when  I  say  that  we  are  greatly  helped  by  good 
laws  and  by  intelligent,  fearless,  and  honest  ad 
ministration  of  those  laws.  We  need  the  ability 
that  you  in  Iowa  have  furnished  in  your  public 
servants. 

"We  need  the  standard  of  integrity  that  you 
have  set  in  public  life.  We  need  the  uprightness 
and  fearlessness  in  a  public  servant  which  makes 
him  do  his  duty,  disregarding  either  the  clamor 
of  the  many  or  the  snarling  of  the  few,  which  is 
directed  against  a  course  demanded  by  regard 
for  the  immutable  law  of  righteousness." 

Brief  stops  were  made  at  Webster  City,  Iowa 
Falls,  Cedar  Falls,  Waterloo,  Manchester  and 

295 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

Independence,  the  President  speaking  a  few 
words  to  the  assembled  crowds. 

Tha  day's  journey  was  ended  at  Dubuque, 
where  he  was  received  with  a  cannon  salute 
and  the  cheers  of  thousands  as  he  stepped  from 
the  train.  At  least  20,000  people  lined  the 
streets  over  which  his  carriage  was  driven.  At 
the  City  Park,  the  President  said  a  few  words 
to  6,000  school  children,  who  sang  America. 
After  a  tour  of  the  hills  overlooking  the  Mis 
sissippi  River,  he  spoke  to  8,000  people  at  the 
Dubuque  Club.  He  said  in  closing: 

"A  great  nation  cannot  play  a  small  part.  A 
little  nation  can,  and  can  play  it  with  self-re 
spect.  A  big  nation  cannot.  We  have  got  to 
play  a  big  part.  All  we  can  decide  is  whether 
we  will  play  it  well  or  ill,  and  I  know  you 
too  well  to  hesitate  as  to  what  you  will  decide. 
I  believe  in  carrying  on  international  affairs  as 
one  carries  on  one's  private  affairs.  Adopt  the 
same  rule  as  a  nation  that,  if  adopted  by  a  pri 
vate  individual,  makes  you  respect  him.  We 

296 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE  PEOPLE 

all  despise  in  private  life  a  man  who  is  a  bully, 
a  blusterer,  brawer,  or  boaster,  and  we  despise 
him  most  if,  after  having  bullied  and  boasted, 
when  the  crisis  comes,  he  fails  to  make  good.  I 
want  to  see  us  as  a  people  always  speak  respect 
fully  and  pleasantly  of  foreign  powers,  treat 
them  with  courtesy,  assume  that  they  mean  well, 
and,  meanwhile,  shape  our  own  policy  upon  the 
theory  of  never  wronging  the  weak,  and  never 
submitting  to  wrong  inflicted  by  the  strong.  I 
think  the  foreign  powers  mean  well  by  us,  but 
I  think  the  possession  of  a  large  navy  will  help 
them  to  continue  to  mean  well  by  us.  I  think  it 
provocative  of  a  peaceful  disposition  all  around. 
I  ask  you  to  help  the  government  see  to  it  that 
there  Is  no  let  up  in  the  up-building  of  the  Amer 
ican  navy." 

A  banquet  was  given  by  the  Dubuque  Club. 
Senator  Allison  was  toastmaster,  and  introduced 
the  President,  who  spoke  warmly  of  Iowa's  rep 
resentatives  in  the  Cabinet  and  of  the  great  as 
sistance  they  were  to  him,  as  were  the  two  Sen 
ators  and  the  Representatives  in  Congress. 

297 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

At  the  close  of  his  speech,  he  was  presented, 
by  a  delegation  from  the  United  Swiss  Societies, 
with  a  souvenir  album  containing  pen  pictures 
of  himself,  Senator  Allison  and  Ex-Represen 
tative  Henderson.  In  thanking  the  delegation 
he  eulogized  Swiss-Americans  as  soldiers  and 
citizens. 

At  Freeport,  111.,  the  morning  of  June  3,  the 
President  was  driven  to  the  site  of  the  Lincoln- 
Douglas  debate  in  1858,  where  a  monument 
commemorating  the  event  was  unveiled  in  the 
presence  of  many  thousands  of  people  from 
Freeport  and  vicinity.  He  was  introduced  by 
Congressman  Hitt,  and  said: 

"We  meet  today  to  commemorate  the  spot  on 
which  occurred  one  of  those  memorable  scenes 
in  accordance  with  which  the  whole  future  his 
tory  of  nations  is  molded.  Here  were  spoken  the 
winged  words  that  flew  through  immediate  time 
and  that  will  fly  through  that  portion  of  eter 
nity  recorded  in  the  history  of  our  race.  Here 
was  sounded  the  keynote  of  the  struggle  which, 

298 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG    THE   PEOPLE 

after  convulsing  the  nation,  made  it  in  fact  what 
it  had  been  only  in  name,  at  once  united  and 
freed.  It  is  eminently  fitting  that  this  monu 
ment,  given  by  the  women  of  this  city  in  com 
memoration  of  the  great  debate  that  here  took 
place,  should  be  dedicated  by  the  men  whose 
deeds  made  good  the  words  of  Abraham  Lin 
coln  and  the  soldiers  of  the  Civil  War.  The 
word  was  mighty,  but  had  it  not  been  for  the 
word  the  deeds  could  not  have  taken  place.  But, 
without  deeds,  the  words  would  have  been  the 
idlest  breath.  It  is  forever  to  the  honor  of  our 
nation  that  brought  forth  the  statesman,  who 
with  far-sighted  vision  could  pierce  the  clouds 
that  obscured  the  sight  of  the  keenest  of  his 
fellows,  and  could  see  what  the  future  inevit 
ably  held.  And  moreover  that  we  had  back  of 
the  statesman  and  behind  him  the  men  to  whom 
it  was  given  to  fight  in  the  greatest  war  ever 
waged  for  the  good  of  mankind,  for  the  better 
ment  of  the  world.  Great  though  we  now  regard 
Abraham  Lincoln,  my  countrymen,  the  future 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

will  put  him  on  an  even  higher  pinnacle  than 
we  have  put  him.  In  all  history  I  do  not  believe 
that  there  is  to  be  found  an  orator  whose  speeches 
will  last  as  enduringly  as  certain  as  the  speeches 
of  Lincoln.  And  in  all  history,  with  the  sole  ex 
ception  of  the  man  who  founded  the  republic, 
I  do  not  think  there  will  be  found  another  states 
man  at  once  so  great  and  so  single-hearted  in 
his  devotion  to  the  weal  of  his  people.  We 
cannot  too  highly  honor  him.  And  the  high 
est  way  in  which  we  can  honor  him  is  to  see 
that  our  homage  is  not  only  homage  of  words; 
that  to  loyalty  of  words  we  join  loyalty  of  the 
heart,  and  that  we  pay  honor  to  the  memory  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  by  so  conducting  ourselves 
as  citizens  of  this  republic,  that  we  shall  hand 
on  undiminished  to  our  children  and  our  chil 
dren's  children  the  heritage  we  received  from 
the  men  who  upheld  the  statesmanship  of  Lin 
coln  in  the  council  and  who  made  good  the  sol 
diership  of  Grant  in  the  field." 

Brief  stops  were  made  at  Rockford  and  Ro- 

300 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

chelle,  where  the  President  spoke  from  the  plat 
form  of  his  car.  His  reception  was  most  cor 
dial. 

It  was  a  holiday  at  Aurora.  After  luncheon, 
at  the  home  of  Senator  Hopkins,  the  President 
was  escorted  to  Lincoln  Park,  where  he  ad 
dressed  15,000  people.  He  subsequently  visited 
the  school-houses  and  spoke  to  6,000  children. 

At  Joliet  the  whistles  of  the  steel  and  iron 
mills  greeted  him,  and  thousands  of  the  em 
ployes  gathered  at  the  gates  and  cheered  him  as 
the  train  passed.  The  route  of  the  procession 
was  profusely  decorated,  and  the  streets  were 
full  of  people.  At  the  Central  School  the  Presi 
dent  spoke  to  an  audience  of  5,000.  He  dis 
cussed  the  labor  question,  declaring  that  any 
man  who  sought  to  inspire  hatred  among  the 
citizens,  through  creed,  class  or  wealth,  was  a 
curse  to  the  country.  He  said  it  was  easy  to 
upset  present  conditions,  but  not  so  easy  to  build 
up. 

At  the  depot  there  were  a  number  of  Civil 

301 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

War  and  Spanish-American  War  Veterans,  and 
he  said  a  few  words  to  them. 

At  Pontiac  the  President  took  part  in  the 
dedication  of  a  Soldiers  and  Sailors  Monument. 

At  Dwight,  the  President  was  introduced  to 
the  crowd,  during  a  rainstorm,  by  the  Mayor, 
who  is  a  Democrat.  The  Mayor  said: 

"I  consider  you,  Mr.  President,  the  ideal 
American  citizen.  I  am  in  favor  of  the  course 
you  have  pursued,  and  will  support  you  for  re 
election." 

The  President  replied:  "I  am  pleased  by  the 
kind  words  of  the  Mayor.  Perhaps  I  prize  them 
especially,  coming  from  one  who  is  not  of  my 
party;  but  the  whole  thing  is,  my  friends,  if  we 
are  all  good  Americans,  that  is  enough  platform 
for  all  of  us  to  stand  on.  I  prize  more  than  I 
can  say  such!  words  as  have  been  uttered  by  the 
Mayor,  and  I  assure  you  I  shall  do  my  best  to 
try  to  deserve  them." 

At  Lexington,  the  President  spoke  to  a  good 
crowd  from  the  car. 

302 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

The  night  was  spent  in  Bloomington,  111.  It 
had  been  Roosevelt  Day  at  the  Third  Annual 
Encampment  of  the  Illinois  Spanish-American 
War  Veterans.  The  President  received  an  ova 
tion.  After  a  drive  through  the  principal  streets, 
a  banquet  was  given  at  the  Illinois  Hotel. 
Among  those  present  were  Senator  Beveridge,  of 
Indiana,  Congressmen  Cannon,  Warner,  Graff 
and  Sterling,  Ex-Governor  Hamilton  and  Ex- 
Governor  Fifer.  In  the  evening  the  President 
spoke  to  an  immense  audience  at  the  Coliseum, 
on  the  same  lines  as  elsewhere. 

At  Lincoln,  where  the  first  stop  was  made, 
June  4,  the  President  was  given  a  rousing  recep 
tion. 

Four  hours  were  spent  at  Springfield.  There 
were  20,000  visitors  at  the  station,  where  Gov 
ernor  Yates  and  Senator  Cullom,  with  a  recep 
tion  committee  of  400  and  a  military  escort,  were 
awaiting  him.  From  the  station  to  the  arsenal, 
the  President  was  cheered  as  he  passed  through 
the  lines  of  people.  On  each  side  of  Capitol 

303 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

Avenue  were  massed  5,000  school  children,  who 
waved  flags  as  the  procession  passed. 

At  the  Lincoln  Monument,  the  President  ad 
dressed  the  National  Lincoln-McKinley  Veteran 
Voters'  Association,  asembled  there  for  their  an 
nual  memorial  exercises. 

Returning  to  the  armory,  which  was  packed 
with  people  to  assist  in  the  dedicatory  exercises 
(Governor  Yates  presiding)  the  President  was 
introduced  by  Senator  Cullom,  and  said: 

"The  problems  that  face  us  as  a  nation  today 
are  the  problems  which  Lincoln  and  the  men  of 
his  generation  had  to  face.  Different  methods 
must  be  devised  for  solving  them,  but  the  spirit 
in  which  we  approach  them  must  be  the  same 
as  the  spirit  with  which  Lincoln  and  his  fellows 
in  council,  his  followers  in  war,  approached  their 
problems,  or  else  this  nation  will  fail.  It  will 
not  fail.  It  will  succeed,  because  we  still  have 
in  us  the  spirit  of  the  men  of  '61. 

"I  have  met  in  Illinois  many  men  who  knew 
Lincoln  personally,  and  at  every  place  that  I 

304 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

h'ave  stopped  I  have  seen  men  who  fought  in  the 
army  when  Lincoln  called  the  country  to  arms. 
All  of  us  now  pay  our  tribute  to  the  greatness 
that  is  achieved,  all  of  us  now  looking  back  over 
the  last  forty  years  can  see  the  figure  of  Lincoln 
— sad,  kindly,  patient,  Lincoln — as  it  looms 
above  his  contemporaries,  as  it  will  loom  ever 
larger  through  the  centuries  to  come. 

"It  is  a  good  thing  for  us  by  speech  to  pay 
Homage  to  the  memory  of  Lincoln,  but  it  is  an 
infinitely  better  thing  for  us  in  our  lives  to  pay 
homage  to  his  memory  in  the  only  way  in  which 
the  homage  can  be  effectively  paid — by  seeing 
to  it  that  this  republic's  life,  social  and  political, 
civic  and  industrial,  is  shaped  now  in  accordance 
with  the  ideals  which  Lincoln  preached  and 
which  all  his  life  long  he  practised. 

"Upon  the  success  of  the  experiment  of  free 
government  conducted  in  a  spirit  of  orderly  lib 
erty  here  on  this  continent  depends  not  only  the 
welfare  of  this  nation,  but  the  future  of  free  gov 
ernment  in  the  entire  world. 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

"The  supreme  safety  of  our  country  is  to  be 
found  in  a  fearless  and  honest  administration 
of  the  law  of  the  land. 

"When  an  executive  undertakes  to  enforce  the 
law  he  is  entitled  to  the  support  of  every  decent 
man,  rich  or  poor,  no  matter  what  form  the  law- 
breaking  has  taken.  If  he  is  worth  his  salt  he 
will  enforce  the  law  whether  he  gets  the  support 
or  not." 

A  luncheon  was  served  at  the  Executive  Man 
sion,  after  which  the  President  received  the  local 
committtee  and  the  Hamilton  Club  of  Chicago. 
He  was  then  escorted  to  the  Wabash  station  by 
the  troops. 

At  Decatur,  the  President  made  two  addresses, 
one  at  the  dedication  of  the  new  university,  for 
which  James  Milliken  gave  $450,000,  and  the 
other  to  the  railroad  and  factory  employes. 
There  were  10,000  people  gathered  on  the  uni 
versity  campus.  The  President  expressed  the 
obligations  good  Americans  felt  for  what  Mr. 
Milliken  and  men  like  him  have  done  in 

306 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

AT  QUINCY,  ILLINOIS 

"Our  currency  laws  need  such  modification  as  will  insure  the  parity  of  every 
dollar  coined  or  issued  by  the  Government." 


Copyright    by    Underwood    &    Underwood,    N.    Y. 

AT  LINCOLN'S  TOMB,  SPRINGFIELD,  ILLINOIS 

'When  an  executive  undertakes  to  enforce  the  law  he  is  entitled  to  the  support 

of  every  decent  man,  rich  or  poor,  no  matter  what  form 

the  law-breaking  has  taken." 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

university  and  other  educational  institutions 
throughout  the  land.  He  was  especially  pleased 
to  take  part  in  the  dedication  of  an  institution 
of  learning  where  so  much  of  the  teaching  was  to 
be  with  direct  view  to  an  industrial  betterment  of 
the  country. 

"Ours  is  an  age  of  specialization,"  said  he, 
"and  the  man  who  is  to  do  industrial  work  will 
find  himself  immeasurably  better  prepared  for 
it  if  he  can  have  the  proper  kind  of  industrial 
training." 

Goodbye  to  Illinois  was  said  at  Danville. 
Fully  10,000  people  awaited  the  coming  of  the 
train.  The  President  made  a  speech  in  which  he 
paid  a  tribute  to  the  good  work  of  Congressman 
Cannon  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  The 
President  was  the  guest  at  dinner  of  the  members 
of  his  party.  They  included  Secretary  of  Agri 
culture  Wilson,  Secretary  Loeb,  Senator  Bev- 
eridge,  Senator  Fairbanks,  Surgeon  General 
Rixey  and  Assistant  Secretary  Barnes. 

Indianapolis  was  reached  at  9:05  p.  m.,  and 

309 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

5,000  people  were  at  the  station.  The  President 
was  accompanied  to  a  stand  by  Governor  Dur- 
bin  and  the  Indiana  Senators.  He  was  intro 
duced  by  Mayor  Bookwalter  and  said: 

"I  have  been  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
and  now  well  nigh  back  to  the  Atlantic  again, 
and  the  thing  that  has  struck  me  more  than 
aught  else  wherever  I  have  been  is  the  funda 
mental  unity  of  our  people.  And  another  thing, 
I  went  on  my  trip  a  pretty  good  expansionist; 
I  come  back  a  better  one,  because,  having  seen 
our  people  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  in  the  Missis-^ 
sippi  Valley,  in  the  great  plains,  and  among  the 
Rockies  and  on  the  Pacific  coast,  I  fail  to  see 
how  any  man  can  look  at  them  and  not  see  that 
inevitably  they  belong  to  the  expanding  and  not 
to  the  stationary  races  of  mankind. 

"This  people  has  a  mighty  destiny  before  it, 
and  it  can  work  out  that  destiny  only  as  it  has 
worked  out  its  destiny  in  the  past.  There  will 
be  no  radical  or  extreme  action  bv  our  nation. 
We  are,  for  all  our  spirit  of  progress,  essentially 
a  conservative  people. 

310 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

"We  believe  in  conservatism,  but  it  is  a  con 
servatism  not  of  timidity,  not  of  mere  stolidity. 
It  is  the  conservatism  of  good  sense.  We  do  not 
intend  to  be  spurred  into  rash  action  or  to  be 
frightened  out  of  action  that  is  needed  by  the  cir 
cumstances  of  the  case. 

"Our  people  have  ever  shown  in  their  history 
that  combination  of  energy  and  common  sense 
which  must  be  shown  by  every  great,  masterful 
race.  In  private  life  we  all  of  us  look  down 
upon  the  man  who  brawls,  who  threatens,  and 
who,  when  the  pitch  comes,  fails  to  make 
good  by  deeds.  I  ask  that  this  nation  conduct 
itself  on  the  same  principle  which  we  admire  if 
shown  by  the  private  citizen.  Speak  courteously 
of  other  people.  Treat  them  well.  Do  no  in 
justice  to  the  weak,  and  suffer  no  injustice  to  be 
done  to  us  by  the  strong. 

"As  an  incident  in  following  the  historic  pol 
icy  of  our  nation,  I  ask  our  people  to  see  to  it 
that  there  is  no  halt  in  the  building  up  of  the 
American  navy.  I  ask  that  it  be  built  up  and 

311 


ROOSEVELT   AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

kept  up,  not  for  the  purpose  of  war,  but  to  keep 
the  peace.  I  think  the  foreign  nations  feel  pleas 
antly  toward  us,  but  I  think,  also  that  it  will  help 
them  to  continue  to  feel  pleasantly  if  we  have  a 
good  navy." 

The  train  stopped  at  Pittsburg  at  8 122  a.  m., 
June  8,  and,  when  the  crowd  cheered,  the  Presi 
dent  appeared  on  the  rear  platform  and  said :  "I 
am  happy  to  be  with  you ;  happy  to  get  back  from 
my  trip.  Good  luck  to  you  all."  As  the  train 
pulled  out  he  waved  goodbye. 

At  Altoona  there  was  an  immense  crowd  and 
the  President  wished  them  good  luck  and  bid 
them  goodbye. 

The  train  passed  through  Harrisburg  and  Bal 
timore  on  time,  and  the  trip  ended  at  Washing 
ton  at  7  .-30  p.  m. 

There  was  a  large  gathering  of  officials  at  the 
Pennsylvania  railroad  station,  and  among  them 
was  Secretary  Root,  Secretary  Hitchcock,  Sec 
retary  Cortelyou  and  Postmaster  General  Payne. 
The  President  was  escorted  to  the  White  House 

312 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

by  a  battalion  of  high  school  cadets,  the  streets 
being  lined  with  people  who  gave  him  a  hearty 
reception.  A  crowd  gathered  at  the  White 
House,  and  the  President  said  to  them : 

"I  thank  you  very  much  for  coming  here  to 
greet  me,  and  I  have  appreciated  the  welcome 
back  home  that  I  have  received  today.  I  have 
been  absent  more  than  two  months  and  I  have 
traveled  many  miles.  During  that  time  one 
thing  has  struck  me,  and  that  is  the  substantial- 
ness  of  the  American  people.  One  can  travel 
from  ocean  to  ocean  and  from  Canada  to  the 
Gulf  and  always  be  at  home  among  one's  fellow 
Americans.  I  thank  you  again,  my  friends." 

The  trip  was  in  many  respects  the  most  re 
markable  a  President  ever  undertook.  He  trav 
eled  over  14,000  miles  on  railroads  and  several 
hundred  miles  in  stage  coaches  and  carriages 
without  an  accident.  During  the  sixty-five  days 
on  the  road,  he  made  two  hundred  and  sixty- five 
speeches,  One  of  the  most  remarkable  features 


313 


ROOSEVELT  AMONG   THE   PEOPLE 

was  the  non-partisan  spirit  displayed  in  the  re 
ceptions  everywhere. 

The  successful  manner  in  which  Secretary 
Loeb  managed  the  trip  was  very  pleasing  to  the 
President,  and  he  warmly  congratulated  him  on 
the  successful  outcome  of  it 


314 


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[MY  16 195,- 


L-100m-7,'52(A2528sl6)476 


i  U     O  /   /  I 


M313245 


GENERAL  LIBRARY -U.C.  BERKELEY 


BDOOfl7fl35S 


